tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49633845599111767662024-03-12T20:59:42.226-05:00Corn AgronomyIt's by an agronomist and is about corn.Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.comBlogger130125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-71600017879727754352023-05-31T14:35:00.000-05:002023-05-31T14:35:22.980-05:00After a Slow Start, 2023 Corn Planting and Emergence is Fast<p>After a slow start, corn planting progressed rapidly throughout much of Wisconsin during the last half of May. Drier weather at planting with enough rain to activate pre-emergence herbicides is one characteristic of a good yielding year. Early planting allows corn plants to take advantage of the entire growing season, and, as importantly, be harvested with reasonable grain moisture at the end of the season. Of course, we have a long way to go yet, and a lot of things can happen. <br /></p><p>Figure 1 shows planting progress as reported by USDA-NASS. Also included are the slowest and fastest years for corn planting progress over the past 30-years. The slowest planting year was 2019, while the fastest was 2010 (as measured by 50% planted). Typically, Wisconsin has 50% of the corn acreage planted by Week 19 (May 10). </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpvgjhfJLrKqnNvnv5GnBzbWROrkbA2z1bS4ArHacqY3iDb-TPXc1HLh_Dw7NWzhCiDWwF0uhWM7Mo42aO-6q1nhnWdfRdWSldUqNgBGG19COGrs2y_f3r6d1DeD3fbeWDCPzDVtASf3_TLEoRybZnkiRwV6ugJvUJRbQZgfRxEIhTuqlpil-Ha2HszQ/s955/w3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="955" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpvgjhfJLrKqnNvnv5GnBzbWROrkbA2z1bS4ArHacqY3iDb-TPXc1HLh_Dw7NWzhCiDWwF0uhWM7Mo42aO-6q1nhnWdfRdWSldUqNgBGG19COGrs2y_f3r6d1DeD3fbeWDCPzDVtASf3_TLEoRybZnkiRwV6ugJvUJRbQZgfRxEIhTuqlpil-Ha2HszQ/w400-h270/w3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Corn planting progress for Wisconsin. Data were derived from USDA-NASS for the previous 30-years. Years were separated based upon <u>+</u> one standard deviation from the 30-year average. Solid lines are years of significantly faster planting, while dashed lines are years of significantly slower planting. To enlarge, click on the Figure.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Emergence and early leaf development has progressed quickly as well. At Arlington, corn planted on May 15 had emerged and was at the V2 stage as of today. <br /></p><p>As part of our spring routine to prepare for planting the UW hybrid trials around the state, we begin the campaign by maintaining our planter and planting a few rounds of four hybrids as early as possible at Arlington. Over the last few years, we have been able to plant corn in late March. We do not recommend this practice, especially since crop insurance does not kick-in until April 11. We do this to check our planter, observe corn seedling emergence, observe effectiveness of seed treatments, and the effect of early weather (snow and freezing temperatures) on stand establishment. This year field conditions allowed us to plant April 3. Below are pictures of this year's stand and plant development progress as of May 30.</p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkJLipNuDdO6byL4JqPWuOPbHBuhpW4VUSH1IEVID8MiriwWZQK0VzRacAHUSuT5t3inaHGVWOYmGrxujqbbfHlk6o3_mVJPepMCIC368MwXL4665lfhhOVhSya_Sxl0UvJr_pNckls2YWk6OPPkQw1_N7wGnGI7vuHw1mi2yEy1_Jh6CxG1k-h-OEQ/s1200/w1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="1200" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkJLipNuDdO6byL4JqPWuOPbHBuhpW4VUSH1IEVID8MiriwWZQK0VzRacAHUSuT5t3inaHGVWOYmGrxujqbbfHlk6o3_mVJPepMCIC368MwXL4665lfhhOVhSya_Sxl0UvJr_pNckls2YWk6OPPkQw1_N7wGnGI7vuHw1mi2yEy1_Jh6CxG1k-h-OEQ/s320/w1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2. Corn planted on April 3 at Arlington, WI. <br />Photo taken by Thierno Diallo on May 30. </b><b>To enlarge, click on the Figure.</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b> <br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBGW7vUXl_mINuwRJTRarC7W60BNWlKKkD29PjJPZTOZu-dvxd2kOqkJ3mz3QHXciaDvAunFSft3DjvBRyenVlKEaIcMt26HHSZJOS6XQvaBhmZnMC4zM5lVeKLRflrOMRTAufSjnZ9i0X2omVmTfxnzAz13aw1hNEVHU-h49GU2RP_bVFGj23jR1sQ/s900/w2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZBGW7vUXl_mINuwRJTRarC7W60BNWlKKkD29PjJPZTOZu-dvxd2kOqkJ3mz3QHXciaDvAunFSft3DjvBRyenVlKEaIcMt26HHSZJOS6XQvaBhmZnMC4zM5lVeKLRflrOMRTAufSjnZ9i0X2omVmTfxnzAz13aw1hNEVHU-h49GU2RP_bVFGj23jR1sQ/s320/w2.jpg" width="210" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 3. Corn planted on April 3 at Arlington, WI. The crop growth stage is V5. <br />Photo taken by Thierno Diallo on May 30. </b><b>To enlarge, click on the Figure.</b></td></tr></tbody></table></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-19550851860371264922023-02-19T11:26:00.000-06:002023-02-19T11:26:00.533-06:00Annual "Gold Book" Report on Cultural Practices and Management Systems for Corn in Wisconsin is now available<p><b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQF5D5KolBzXytVWwFt493egcmu12G6l6YXpYM2TTeDZST4-xHeeAO39I5lJxdZym_ezLaApbF1f8UFdRVDVAq4sGC18t4qk_svzv00ml0tTU8DjnmTtsE-ZDWj1RNs4rcdDt6y7swN3Yg8LiZYU7x3rBQ3auCBfS1pBR7T_wIY4yPuGBfQRbZs6lhw/s1632/Zoom4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1224" data-original-width="1632" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQF5D5KolBzXytVWwFt493egcmu12G6l6YXpYM2TTeDZST4-xHeeAO39I5lJxdZym_ezLaApbF1f8UFdRVDVAq4sGC18t4qk_svzv00ml0tTU8DjnmTtsE-ZDWj1RNs4rcdDt6y7swN3Yg8LiZYU7x3rBQ3auCBfS1pBR7T_wIY4yPuGBfQRbZs6lhw/w400-h300/Zoom4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Photo by Roger Schmidt<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></b><b><br />Agronomy </b>is the science of land management. <b>Agronomists </b>generate, integrate and apply science-based knowledge and principles to crops grown for food, feed, fiber, and fuel that are efficient, environmentally sound, and sustainable for future generations. The mission of the Wisconsin Corn Agronomy program is to answer corn management questions expressed by Wisconsin farmers and industry. <br /><br />The Wisconsin Corn Agronomy program annually plants and harvests 12,000 to 13,000 plots at 14 locations in Wisconsin. Of these plots, about 3000 are harvested for forage with the remaining harvested for grain. Corn forage and/or grain yield, quality and other agronomic traits are measured on all plots. <br /><br />Roughly half of the plots involve the Wisconsin Corn Hybrid Evaluation program, The best way to deliver technology to the farm-gate is through hybrids selected by farmers for various traits (i.e. pest resistance, lodging resistance, quality, etc.). Selecting adapted, high-performing hybrids often means the difference between profit and loss. Results of of this work are published every year in November and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/Default.aspx" target="_blank">can be found here</a>.<br /><br />The other half of the program involves research on farmer management decisions. The results of this work are published every year in February and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Default.aspx" target="_blank">can be found here.</a><strong> </strong><strong></strong>Specific research objectives of this program focus on management
decision-making regarding crop productivity, quality, and production
efficiency including hybrid selection, rotation, tillage systems, and
replant and yield loss damage assessments. Emphasis is on impacts of
cropping practices on grower profitability, the environment, and natural
resource conservation.</p><p>Below is a list of projects conducted during 2022.</p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Report/2022.pdf" target="_blank">Full report</a></p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2022/Map.JPG" target="_blank">Map </a><br /></p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2022.pdf" target="_blank">2022 Weather for Arlington </a><br /><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/MAR/2022.pdf" target="_blank">2022 Weather for Marshfield</a><br /></p><p>Hybrid evaluation <br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01HT/GD2022.pdf" target="_blank">01 Optimum hybrid maturity at various locations</a><br /><span> <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01ST/Syngenta2022.pdf" target="_blank"> </a></span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01ST/Syngenta2022.pdf" target="_blank">01 Syngenta hybrid evaluation for silage</a><br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01ST/PrairieHybrids2022.pdf" target="_blank">01 Prairie Hybrids evaluation for silage</a></p><p>Planting systems<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/02PD/2022.pdf" target="_blank">02 Plant density</a><br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/03DOP/2022.pdf" target="_blank">03 Date of planting</a><br /></p><p>Wisconsin Crop Rotation Trials<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/AC2022.pdf" target="_blank">09 Alfalfa-Corn</a><br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/CS2022.pdf" target="_blank">09 Corn-Soybean</a><br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/CSW2022.pdf" target="_blank">09 Corn-Soybean-Wheat</a><br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/ACOSW2022.pdf" target="_blank">09 Alfalfa-Corn-Oat-Soybean-Wheat</a></p><p>Pest control<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/10PestControl/Xyway2022.pdf" target="_blank">10 Xyway fungicide</a></p><p>Product evaluation<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/11Special/Elicit2022.pdf" target="_blank">11 Elicit - Best a (biostimulant-phytosterol)</a><br /></p><p>Soil fertility<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/12Fertilizer/Envita2022.pdf" target="_blank">12 Envita</a> <br /></p><p>Plant variability<br /><span> </span><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/16PlantVariability/SweetCorn2022.pdf" target="_blank">16 Sweet corn defoliation</a></p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/17Tillage/2022.pdf" target="_blank">17 Strip-Tillage</a></p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/19Systems/2022.pdf" target="_blank">19 Agrosystems - Fractional replication</a> <br /></p><p></p><p>We have done our best to see that the experiment design and data collection to date is complete, timely and free from errors. However, if you detect an error in these results, please call it to our attention. These reports are copyrighted. The information presented in these reports are for the purpose of informing farmers and cooperators in industry of the results of research. The cooperation of other faculty and staff and the support of funding agencies and industry are gratefully acknowledged. The information presented in this report does not constitute recommendation or endorsement. </p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-39103136241725733902022-11-23T08:07:00.003-06:002022-11-23T13:33:51.698-06:002022 Wisconsin Corn Hybrid Performance Trials: Grain • Silage • Specialty • Organic<p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPa-obijCMDYVlv9-7xS7O50w24RMpfnoAMP9k_sAc4FuUZnsGsvO7-A-ta0H9fg_eNYmJeEoUPlKU3-rHPIgGemiHjFHpWiZNAcpgsakwYJh0PFfXaim0q49zpnwsBuKOjxmBMq2TqnARgCH3BZGe8agHESFdx31ajG4xqvGl9FFYXUOCgYTY3IwUA/s467/CoverPhoto.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="467" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPa-obijCMDYVlv9-7xS7O50w24RMpfnoAMP9k_sAc4FuUZnsGsvO7-A-ta0H9fg_eNYmJeEoUPlKU3-rHPIgGemiHjFHpWiZNAcpgsakwYJh0PFfXaim0q49zpnwsBuKOjxmBMq2TqnARgCH3BZGe8agHESFdx31ajG4xqvGl9FFYXUOCgYTY3IwUA/s320/CoverPhoto.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /> This year marks the 50th year of corn hybrid performance evaluation conducted by the Wisconsin Agronomy Department, the Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association, and the seed industry. In 1973, the first Wisconsin public corn performance trials were conducted by Elwood Brickbauer. Trials were grown in southern Wisconsin at Janesville, Lancaster and Platteville. In northern Wisconsin, trials were established at Antigo, Ashland, Hancock, Marshfield, Spooner, and Waupaca. The average yield of the first trials was 121 bu/A. Over the past 50 years, 18,773 hybrids have been evaluated at various locations in Wisconsin. In 1995, the corn silage hybrid evaluation program was initiated. Hybrid selection is a key decision made by farmers and historically is important for delivering new technologies, pest resistance and increased yield and profitability to the farm-gate. The purpose of this program is to provide unbiased performance comparisons of hybrid seed corn for both grain and silage available in Wisconsin. <p></p><p>The 2022 growing season at most southern sites was similar to the 30-year normal for Growing Degree Unit (GDU) accumulation and precipitation. In northern Wisconsin, GDU accumulation and precipitation was less than normal. For most of the state, planting progress was similar to the average with 50% of the acreage planted by May 10. An exception was northeast Wisconsin which had somewhat delayed planting. Most trial plots were established by early May. Stand establishment was good to excellent at all locations. Ear size was larger than normal. Tar spot, <i>Phyllachora maydis</i>, increased throughout the state and was significant in southern Wisconsin, however, in most cases it was too late to affect yield. Good growing conditions continued into late-fall with a killing frost occurring in late October. Silage and grain moisture was higher than normal. Little plant lodging occurred at most trial sites. Little disease and insect pressure were observed within most trials.</p><p>Results for the 2022 growing season can be found at: <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2022/2022Text.aspx" target="_blank">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2022/2022Text.aspx</a>.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <br /></p><br />Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-70436322352478800922022-07-21T06:28:00.000-05:002022-07-21T06:28:44.086-05:00Corn Pollination: What does success look like?<p style="text-align: center;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr2V5vRCiEg0ucKqVo2JQcLyhARE4X-bLyJVjsX4mcfKY02h8-sbAkcMw7r7OvxSU8gK4zGkrr_wglA1x8_VRzodqIMzmODVJGxkNdAuXPEL-ved42U_6Adn31JjSgfpehbDGDBhDzbZh2ziQ1L9R14t1LcmnDh93qT2HirXOy65zG-YoVvzxFvrTgGA/s1280/Anthers2%20by%20Jerry%20Davis.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1280" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr2V5vRCiEg0ucKqVo2JQcLyhARE4X-bLyJVjsX4mcfKY02h8-sbAkcMw7r7OvxSU8gK4zGkrr_wglA1x8_VRzodqIMzmODVJGxkNdAuXPEL-ved42U_6Adn31JjSgfpehbDGDBhDzbZh2ziQ1L9R14t1LcmnDh93qT2HirXOy65zG-YoVvzxFvrTgGA/s320/Anthers2%20by%20Jerry%20Davis.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Corn anthers on the tassel (male).</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Awww ... sex in the corn field. It's happening all around us. For the next few weeks, pollination and fertilization of corn ovules will be occurring throughout Wisconsin. The success of pollination will determine management decisions as the growing season progresses. </p><p>Pollen shed begins near VT and is essential for grain development. During this 1 to 2 week pollination period, each silk must emerge from the ear husk, and a pollen grain must land on the ovule and fertilize it for a g kernel to develop. </p><p>When a pollen grain lands on a silk, a pollen tube is initiated. The pollen tube grows within the silk to the ovule where fertilization occurs and the kernel embryo is formed. A second fertilization also takes place that results in the formation of the endosperm. Immediately following fertilization, an abscission layer forms at the base of the silk, restricting entry of genetic material from other pollen grains.</p><p>Pollen sheds from the male flowers on the tassel for 5-8 days and is dependent upon temperature, moisture and time of day (peaks around mid- to late-morning or early evenings. Pollen grain is viable for 12-18 hours (less in higher temperatures) after it drops from the tassel; most pollen falls within 20-50 feet of the plant. </p><p>"Nick" is the period when pollen shed (VT) coincides with silk receptivity (R1). Poor nick can result from hot and dry weather. Silks can be delayed and dehydrate, which hastens pollen shed and causes the plant to miss the window for pollination.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQAYojSgzsUZGUwNZCglIbsYWZvg0cHIUYSjCvtSzNnUsTtEIxnmU2-YMbAEjxjs2cX-DaQYxsXtDkmXf1qIWlQcwzdIlFxj11pdvjqjo3KXTQUk5j0HML2rnpNTnu6JZfjK0tjM8TKyVMvkZyVlhvV7Za3UAauiEuAHUcmdcbGDYhsKydf-qXRp_Pvg/s766/R4.98.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="490" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQAYojSgzsUZGUwNZCglIbsYWZvg0cHIUYSjCvtSzNnUsTtEIxnmU2-YMbAEjxjs2cX-DaQYxsXtDkmXf1qIWlQcwzdIlFxj11pdvjqjo3KXTQUk5j0HML2rnpNTnu6JZfjK0tjM8TKyVMvkZyVlhvV7Za3UAauiEuAHUcmdcbGDYhsKydf-qXRp_Pvg/s320/R4.98.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Corn silks on the ear (female).</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Silks will grow for 3-5 days or until pollination occurs. Silks will turn brown once outside the husk. Stresses that reduce pollination can result in an ear with a barren tip called a "nubbin." Each kernel has a noticeable point where the silk was attached; the kernel is surrounded by paleas, lemmas, and glumes. </p><p>After an ovule is fertilized, cell division occurs within the kernel for ~7-10 days. After cell division is complete, the cells fill. The outer part of the kernel is white, and the inner part is clear with very little fluid. The embryo is not yet visible. The kernel endosperm fills with photsynthate, most of which is produced by the leaf on the same node as the ear shank; this ear leaf provides up to 60% of the total grain yield.</p><p>
<b>There are two techniques commonly used to assess the success or failure of pollination.
</b> One involves simply waiting until the developing ovules (kernels) appear as watery
blisters (the "blister" stage of kernel development). This usually occurs
about 10 days after fertilization of the ovules.
</p>
<p>
Another more rapid means can be used to determine pollination success. As described above, each potential
kernel on the ear has a silk attached to it. Once a pollen grain "lands"
on an individual silk, it quickly germinates and produces a pollen tube that grows
the length of the silk to fertilize the ovule in 12 to 28 hours. Within 1 to 3 days
after a silk is pollinated and fertilization of the ovule is successful, the silk
will detach from the developing kernel. Unfertilized ovules will still have attached
silks. Silks turn brown and dry up after the fertilization process occurs. By carefully
unwrapping the husk leaves from an ear and then gently shaking the ear, the silks
from the fertilized ovules will readily drop off. Keep in mind that silks can remain
receptive to pollen up to 10 days after emergence. The proportion of silks dropping
off the ear indicates the proportion of fertilized ovules (future kernels) on an
ear. Sampling several ears at random throughout a field will provide an indication
of the progress of pollination. </p><p>If <b>pollination is poor</b>, then harvest can occur anytime. If <b>pollination is fair</b>, then leave for silage harvest. If <b>pollination is good</b>, then normal management of the field can occur for either silage or grain uses. <br /></p><p><b>Further reading</b></p><p><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/L018.aspx" target="_blank"> Methods for Determining Corn Pollination Success</a></p><p>Broeske, M., and J. Lauer. 2020. <a href="https://ipcm.wisc.edu/download/pubsGuides/UW_CornDevGuide.pdf" target="_blank">Visual Guide to Corn Development.</a> University of Wisconsin Extension. Nutrient and Pest Management Program, 72 pages.<br /></p><p></p><p></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-31338408850429992012022-07-19T16:02:00.002-05:002022-07-19T16:04:08.586-05:00Halfway there! Yield and quality changes of corn silage during challenging first-half environments.<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghoMIb8SggAnnhHdjsqIBWirChigGts9kUvr4ZoErgFj2bSXv_eRX1xHrUGUKdyqKEu_6PZzf3btqYVgZXV-dRxY3jgznqfUBZ6kfMsBqspUiLUA5Mfa5o2k4Ud4E-UU32p9IeyLQaqcw6ovjV9gcn8JosFXgU_P6CJa16mL1nSkPZTwX81jilGHMSXQ/s741/R1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="633" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghoMIb8SggAnnhHdjsqIBWirChigGts9kUvr4ZoErgFj2bSXv_eRX1xHrUGUKdyqKEu_6PZzf3btqYVgZXV-dRxY3jgznqfUBZ6kfMsBqspUiLUA5Mfa5o2k4Ud4E-UU32p9IeyLQaqcw6ovjV9gcn8JosFXgU_P6CJa16mL1nSkPZTwX81jilGHMSXQ/s320/R1.jpg" width="273" /></a></p><p>The middle of July marks the halfway point of the corn life cycle. Pollination is upon us and the ultimate yield and quality potential of the 2022 corn crop will be determined. A lot can happen yet but we are entering the pollination period in good shape across most of Wisconsin.</p><p>The key management decision over the next few weeks will be to gauge the success of pollination. If <b>pollination is poor</b>, then harvest can occur anytime. If <b>pollination is fair</b>, then leave for silage harvest. If <b>pollination is good</b>, then normal management of the field can occur for either silage or grain uses.</p><p>I was curious about the effect of the first half of the growing season on corn silage yield and quality. I used UW silage performance and weather data collected at Arlington between 1995 and 2021. I identified years that were <u>+</u> 1 standard deviation different from the average for the period between April 1 and July 14. Cool years during this period were 2014, 2013, 2011, 2009, 2008, 2004, and 1997, while warm years were 2021, 2018, 2012, and 2005. Dry years during this period were 2021, 2012, and 2005, while wet years were 2008 and 2000. Only 2008 had both cool and wet weather conditions, while 2021, 2012, and 2005 were both warm and dry. Using these environmental classes for the period between April 1 and July 14, I analyzed the UW silage performance trials to predict silage yield and quality. </p><p>Corn <b>forage yield </b>is shown in Figure 1. Overall, corn silage has yielded 10.8 Tons of Dry Matter (DM) per Acre over the study period. Temperature differences during the first half of the growing season did not affect yield. Precipitation (too much or too little) during this period decreased yield, with yield more affected by wet weather. Environments with extreme temperature and precipitation (either too warm and dry, or too cool and wet) decreased silage yields.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERaH89j2-FMEONLv0vcY09zf0CKa199Ve02iVlmZJ8jqN3zQaCN_k6E0EnF1Ra-4dW6STcWY93fqxLxKaGKCizXRhTlhWitu6TogNow6w2r775xsR1l96hwf6O6j7zOMbuM7_uQ4iGol55L06zoeuCiH8mCSQvWq8wvHI6TpcwV7XUAWRHEDxixtZhA/s2078/w1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1288" data-original-width="2078" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERaH89j2-FMEONLv0vcY09zf0CKa199Ve02iVlmZJ8jqN3zQaCN_k6E0EnF1Ra-4dW6STcWY93fqxLxKaGKCizXRhTlhWitu6TogNow6w2r775xsR1l96hwf6O6j7zOMbuM7_uQ4iGol55L06zoeuCiH8mCSQvWq8wvHI6TpcwV7XUAWRHEDxixtZhA/w400-h248/w1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 1. Corn forage yield response to environment. Weather data were summarized from April 1 to July 14. Years were classified into environment categories when greater than <u>+</u> 1 standard deviation from the mean. Data are derived from 55 trials and 6662 plots grown at Arlington during 1995 to 2021.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The overall <b>forage moisture </b>of all plots averaged 66% (data not shown) with warmer drier weather between April 1 and July 14 resulting in lower forage moisture. The effect of weather during April 1 to July 14 on <b>NDFD </b>is shown in Figure 2. The overall average was 60%. Cooler and warmer temperature environments increased NDFD over the average. Dry weather increased NDFD while wet weather decreased NDFD compared to the average, especially in extreme years.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzFY2C-LK-c-Ux0OqOaYz3zkNiIBjpS8goFUPS2-qwqPcB5oYxx1fT7nKjeOC6sO-3ZfEK9rDz_2lyi6UpJ20Xs4Xr6nJcs0HeJbGf6rmikI3lCqa6JFP6uhQsLHeJ1Wt6rkGin8vlIXY7wILqhijXrpab-MJzFiu0SaZiw75aEtqmKsK6Oat2t8IfvQ/s2084/w2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1286" data-original-width="2084" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzFY2C-LK-c-Ux0OqOaYz3zkNiIBjpS8goFUPS2-qwqPcB5oYxx1fT7nKjeOC6sO-3ZfEK9rDz_2lyi6UpJ20Xs4Xr6nJcs0HeJbGf6rmikI3lCqa6JFP6uhQsLHeJ1Wt6rkGin8vlIXY7wILqhijXrpab-MJzFiu0SaZiw75aEtqmKsK6Oat2t8IfvQ/w400-h246/w2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 2. Corn forage NDFD response to environment. Weather data were summarized from April 1 to July 14. Years
were classified into environment categories when greater than <u>+</u> 1 standard deviation from the mean. Data are derived from 55 trials and 6662 plots grown at Arlington during 1995 to 2021.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Overall, <b>starch content </b>averaged 29% (Figure 3). Warm dry seasons resulted in greater starch content than cool wet seasons. For all of the years that were classified as warm and dry during April 1 to July 14, significant precipitation fell during the pollination phase of development relieving plant stress. We do not have sigificant silage yield and quuality data for environments like 1988 and 1989 that were significantly drier for longer periods than April 1 to July 14.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUoYZpZxDaqRXjfvbOowgcq0NUGF9PgkKNe0iWqu05hDSeg8cdMzor4t8tDF36GfGcW6CfDm519Zt9VNHpXbp-BzABZrsx-rgJ7vbkICdZLorSEsJ7VISdwji8k7bn4OEW6ZRYYQP4xE7cHSr2PFlmIQYCchwx9szHDVDjYnBA8RQbdSIaYIN04tEQA/s2072/w3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1290" data-original-width="2072" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAUoYZpZxDaqRXjfvbOowgcq0NUGF9PgkKNe0iWqu05hDSeg8cdMzor4t8tDF36GfGcW6CfDm519Zt9VNHpXbp-BzABZrsx-rgJ7vbkICdZLorSEsJ7VISdwji8k7bn4OEW6ZRYYQP4xE7cHSr2PFlmIQYCchwx9szHDVDjYnBA8RQbdSIaYIN04tEQA/w400-h249/w3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 3. Corn forage starch response to environment. Weather data were summarized from April 1 to July 14. Years
were classified into environment categories when greater than <u>+</u> 1 standard deviation from the mean. Data are derived from 55 trials and 6662 plots grown at Arlington during 1995 to 2021.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The end result is that warm and dry years tend to have significantly more <b>milk per ton </b>that an average year or cool, wet years. Precipitation either too much or too little during April 1 to July 14 decreases <b>milk per acre </b>more than an average year. Temperature during this period had little effect on milk per acre.<br /></p><p>The growing season for 2022 is average so far (<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Season/Weather2022.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a>). A lot can happen yet, so conclusions and predictions using this data are challenging. I present the data to provide a benchmark using previous seasons. Again, the most important management decision from this point forward will be to determine the success of pollination.<br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-58411419440932615832022-05-13T09:32:00.005-05:002022-05-15T21:34:34.564-05:00The magic of corn seed germination and emergence<p><span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGQhYGY9AC4nASWU29Jkyql0VLZTCPw-Z9PLtL0a4oOuSHKfduzjVZhQP0owVy1mQcOsfCUmrtEN8mJ1_TUv0p82MXvndsFfVIkes8eOwmXG4EXRWyz0zqgEDXvEck2ZNP9QsN-1RYi0g8B8-nDQeiWzas9q9OOjJjCfJxs8EG-TTo9V_FzTkVABmw/s766/corn6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="490" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiOGQhYGY9AC4nASWU29Jkyql0VLZTCPw-Z9PLtL0a4oOuSHKfduzjVZhQP0owVy1mQcOsfCUmrtEN8mJ1_TUv0p82MXvndsFfVIkes8eOwmXG4EXRWyz0zqgEDXvEck2ZNP9QsN-1RYi0g8B8-nDQeiWzas9q9OOjJjCfJxs8EG-TTo9V_FzTkVABmw/w128-h200/corn6.jpg" width="128" /></a></span></div><span><br /></span>I think nearly every corn planter in Wisconsin was planting this past week. There are some wet areas in northeastern Wisconsin that have prevented planting, but a significant jump in planted acreage should be measured by USDA-NASS in next Monday's progress report. <br /><p></p><p>Now the magic begins when dry seed imbibes water and bare or brown fields turn greener every day across the landscape. The germination process and the success of the seed in emerging and establishing is key and the first yield component determined for the growing season.</p><p>Protected within the seed coat is an embryonic plant that remains dormant until germination is initiated by the physical process of imbibing water. The white starchy endosperm is the main energy source until the young seedling is established. After planting, water and oxygen are imbibed into the seed for 24-48 hours activating growth hormones and enzymes. Starch is broken down supplying the embryo with energy for metabolism and cell division.</p><p>Within the embryo is a miniature corn plant that already has a primary shoot, leaves and root system protected by rigid sheaths called the coleoptile (above-ground) and coleorhiza (below-ground). The first structure to emerge from the seed is the radicle root, followed by the coleoptile and seminal roots.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprm4EBQYKxAz8Od7Z5wc9G2SdtMD2OIL2WZ8n_BgDFmw0xarGC_Gc2awNB61fNwAvBbBfiPu83IkOqSh_sFjYxKVpK9XudM-IcbGRkLOhxfkGi173HrhG9kFDolRXLDqeyvVBsveIA2X5Lzj90REkKk82DL0IAFkMo0NFcP8FiesDt_xAXA2X6djsfA/s1282/Screenshot%202022-05-13%20084413.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1282" data-original-width="698" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhprm4EBQYKxAz8Od7Z5wc9G2SdtMD2OIL2WZ8n_BgDFmw0xarGC_Gc2awNB61fNwAvBbBfiPu83IkOqSh_sFjYxKVpK9XudM-IcbGRkLOhxfkGi173HrhG9kFDolRXLDqeyvVBsveIA2X5Lzj90REkKk82DL0IAFkMo0NFcP8FiesDt_xAXA2X6djsfA/s320/Screenshot%202022-05-13%20084413.jpg" width="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Diagram of germinating corn. Photo and graphic art by Mimi Broeske. Click to enlarge.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The coleoptile is pushed to the soil surface by the mesocotyl. When sunlight falls on the coleoptile tip, enzymes are activated that soften the tip allowing the first true leaf of the plant to break through. The growing point of corn is 3/4 of an inch below the soil surface and will remain below-ground until the plant has 5 to 6 leaves.</p><p>The germination process from dry seed to seedling emergence requires
about 125 Growing Degree Units (GDUs). Normally in the beginning of May, we
accumulate about 10 GDUs per day, so emergence takes about 12 to
13 days. The 2022 growing season is starting out fast with record high
temperatures, and I have seen some recently planted fields already emerged. Emergence GDUs may need to be adjusted:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>If conservation tillage is implemented, add 30-60 GDUs.</li><li>If planting date is before April 25, add 10-25 GDUs.</li><li>If planting date is after May 15, subtract 50-70 GDUs</li><li>If seeding depth is below 2 inches, add 15 GDUs for each inch below.</li><li>If seed-bed condition has soil crusting or massive clods, add 30 GDUs.</li><li>If seed-zone soil moisture is below optimum, add 30 GDUs.<br /></li></ol><p>There might be many reasons why a seedling does not emerge in a stand of corn. The germination process is really a race between pest pressure (diseases and insects) and the ability of the seedling to outgrow the pest. Seed treatments protect the seedling from disease and insects for the first 30 to 45 days of the growing season. Planting into cloddy/crusted or cold soils can result in seedling leaves unfurling below-ground, reducing plant stand and yield potential. <a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2022/04/B123.html" target="_blank">Imbibitional chilling</a> can result in plant death.<br /></p><p>This is one of my favorite times of the year in Wisconsin. I wonder what the growing season has in store for these developing plants. As you drive around the state, enjoy the landscape and all the different greens that develop over the month of May. </p><p><b>Further Reading</b></p><p>Broeske, M. and J. Lauer. 2020. <a href="https://ipcm.wisc.edu/download/pubsGuides/UW_CornDevGuide.pdf" target="_blank">Visual Guide to Corn Development</a>. University of Wisconsin Nutrient and Pest Management Program.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a> from these emails.</span></i><i><span style="color: #993300; font-size: 10pt;"></span></i></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-70256658541936889882022-04-29T12:30:00.011-05:002022-04-30T09:55:16.457-05:00Corn imbibitional chilling: Fact or fiction<p>For the first 24-48 hours after dry corn seed is planted into the ground, all
that takes place is physical imbibition of water into the seed. Water
and oxygen move slowly into the kernel through the seed pericarp. Membranes
re-hydrate and hormones and enzymes are activated. After the seed swells, enzymes begin to breakdown starch in the
endosperm. Sugars supply the embryo with energy for metabolism and cell
division. </p><p>Imbibitional chilling
occurs when membrane re-hydration is disrupted by free radicals before the seed finishes swelling. Cold
water is much more disruptive than warm water. Sugars and salts leak
from the cells and kernel providing a food source for pathogens and
other microbes. It becomes a race for the plant to emerge or death from pathogens.<br />
<br />One of the most dramatic examples of imbibitional chilling occurs with sweet corn. In a study conducted by Bill Tracy (2005), untreated seed of six supersweet corn varieties were exposed to three treatments. Each treatment consisted of one 24-hr period at 40 F temperature and five days at 75 F. Seed was placed in rag dolls with no soil. </p><p>Sweet corn seed has a wrinkly seed pericarp with numerous cracks, fissures and potential endosperm leakage sites. In this study, most seed death occurred within the first 24 hrs (day 1) of being exposed to 40 F (Figure 1). Significant variety differences for the amount of seed death were observed. Significantly less seed death was occurring when exposed to 40 F on days 2 and 3, and no seed death when exposed to 40 F on day 4.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYP51aFrE4lkoexyefqFAB3MalW_cg96ScV4jWZSwQCzB79AkIH7QC6TaoaNivLiRiclQyTFgwjtIlvGDiViXGJYsR0ToNV4T5_QkruH1sllwq1jbpE5v6eX72s8PuJ8qGuknEuoNOeJh70nPN0BVbad_Ow1kaxY1pyNRPZU79P828C_LgYgJzYk-CPg/s1510/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20103749.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1510" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYP51aFrE4lkoexyefqFAB3MalW_cg96ScV4jWZSwQCzB79AkIH7QC6TaoaNivLiRiclQyTFgwjtIlvGDiViXGJYsR0ToNV4T5_QkruH1sllwq1jbpE5v6eX72s8PuJ8qGuknEuoNOeJh70nPN0BVbad_Ow1kaxY1pyNRPZU79P828C_LgYgJzYk-CPg/w400-h295/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20103749.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 1. Six supersweet corn varieties exposed to one 24 h period at 40 F and five days at 75 F. Click to enlarge.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>There is considerable debate about what specific temperature and timing causes imbibitional chilling in field corn. Field corn seed does not have the pericarp cracks and fissures that sweet corn has. One current recommendation is to begin planting corn when soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the short-term forecast calls for warm days that will continue pushing soil temperatures higher. If soil temperatures are in the high 40s and the weather forecast calls for cold wet conditions within the next 48 hours, soil temperatures will likely drop and planting should be delayed until temperatures warm.</p><p>That recommendation is simply not our experience in Wisconsin and likely the northern tier of U.S. states. If we waited to plant until soil temperatures were above 40 to 50 F we would need to wait until mid May in many years (Table 1). It only gets later as we move north. Yet, our highest yielding planting dates are in late April and early May.</p><p><b>Table 1. Last date when the minimum soil temperature at the two-inch depth was below 40 F and 50 F at Arlington, WI. Click to enlarge.<br /><br /></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7zr99CvmOmQzi86tf-o0FmWrbYf062VmHGmiFXNPZp4UWvjXhYxZB1usQBmEXXQGlDcktGXPGLWMZEmVUl_I7eOfhuYW45PmUzf3iWUhKSYEyxunELbMa0koNbrGEAEfiDrgAUDIPyXL6UaBvzWSqpfAdRuB2mdqikBEOCsruWgOX1qtEzfKHZVc0iQ/s1066/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20184628.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1066" data-original-width="972" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7zr99CvmOmQzi86tf-o0FmWrbYf062VmHGmiFXNPZp4UWvjXhYxZB1usQBmEXXQGlDcktGXPGLWMZEmVUl_I7eOfhuYW45PmUzf3iWUhKSYEyxunELbMa0koNbrGEAEfiDrgAUDIPyXL6UaBvzWSqpfAdRuB2mdqikBEOCsruWgOX1qtEzfKHZVc0iQ/w365-h400/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20184628.jpg" width="365" /></a></div><br />The only time I thought our UW Corn Hybrid Trial plots had been affected by imbibitional chilling was during 2006 at Seymour, WI (Figure 2). I happened to be along on that planting trip. It began to snow after we had finished planting and continued to be cool and wet for the next 72 hrs. We went back to the field a few weeks later and unbeknownst to us at planting, found that the field had shallow swales and a drainfield. Corn emergence was perfect over the drainfield and on the ridges of the swales. However, much plant death occurred between the drainfield spurs and swale depressions. We did not observe standing water, although it could have been another possible reason for plant death. We abandoned the trial due to stand variability.<br /><p></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUuu1PnGQla86T9O83R3d2dzurg9AnJd45cwrZxThUlnurAvBNk9l3Nq7KVgG6DZrxGQzVbJdjuZ14QZRd1RGwVk3CPMo9f1p3QfXSvL44TmCE9zBcuaQ_TqPk970ry4joXdpveLSxaZGAPKEPin_UmphF3WhgjDLRei2U4cWhEo25tJx_XQKqAvZdaw/s1362/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20113550.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="1362" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUuu1PnGQla86T9O83R3d2dzurg9AnJd45cwrZxThUlnurAvBNk9l3Nq7KVgG6DZrxGQzVbJdjuZ14QZRd1RGwVk3CPMo9f1p3QfXSvL44TmCE9zBcuaQ_TqPk970ry4joXdpveLSxaZGAPKEPin_UmphF3WhgjDLRei2U4cWhEo25tJx_XQKqAvZdaw/w640-h464/Screenshot%202022-04-29%20113550.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 2. Daily air temperature and precipitation at during 2006 at Seymour, WI. The red arrow indicates when the UW hybrid trial plots were planted. Click to enlarge.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Our current recommendation for beginning to plant corn seed is, "In southern Wisconsin, plant corn anytime after April 20, if the field is 'fit', and after April 30 in northern Wisconsin." If the short-term forecast is for cold temperatures and snow/rain, then the prudent thing to do is hold-off planting. We have available excellent seed treatments that can protect the seed for the first 30 to 45 days after planting.<br /></p><p>This advice we use to plant and establish the UW hybrid trials at 14 locations around the state. We have often had snow on our plots with no establishment and emergence issues. For the last 5 years we have planted a few hundred feet of four hybrids beginning in March and then every 2-3 weeks - we do this to get the planters out and tuned. We do see hybrid differences and in only one case did we see emergence issues for all four hybrids. Remember that insurance coverage does not begin until planting dates after April 10.</p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p>
</p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
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or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>.</span></i><br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-7541215957198208742022-04-28T13:31:00.004-05:002022-04-30T09:55:48.964-05:00Corn grain yield response to crop rotation during odd growing seasons<p>Earlier this week we looked at corn grain yield response to crop rotation in extreme growing seasons when both Growing Degree Unit (GDU) accumulation AND precipitation were abnormal (<a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2022/04/B120.html" target="_blank">click here</a>). In extreme growing seasons, crop rotation was the best treatment while continuous corn was impacted more than during average growing seasons. I was asked a follow-up question about the crop rotation effect on grain yield when growing seasons were "off" for GDU accumulation OR precipitation. Again, data from the 35-yr corn-soybean rotation experiment conducted during 1987 to 2021 at Arlington, WI was used for the analysis.<br /></p><p>Odd GDU accumulation years were selected when a growing season was <u>+</u> one standard deviation from the average (Figure 1). Cooler seasons included: 1992, 1993, 1997, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2004.pdf" target="_blank">2004</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2008.pdf" target="_blank">2008</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2009.pdf" target="_blank">2009</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2013.pdf" target="_blank">2013 </a>and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2014.pdf" target="_blank">2014</a>. Warmer growing seasons included: 1987, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf" target="_blank">1988</a>, 1991, 1995, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2005.pdf" target="_blank">2005</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf" target="_blank">2021</a>. Grain yield during an average GDU growing season was 195 bu/A. Warm seasons averaged 170 bu/A, and cool seasons averaged 171 bu/A.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSo_lb4BLjjpM9IEM2ZGPjDNtA97XcbizksvOTWBhdOloX6hxFsG1vKoTmwGH7XR5o-W8IgPnrKRGMUHEHFhOS8DjBDCEs3ss0U9lPsIiZcNKgy1-P2_Tenh2KM4ElfkFtC5nIAuElhfmvgfgBrujYrof3kaE45Qvpqlgd6Cp22MKSUCpZtCfWmfJWQw/s1830/Screenshot%202022-04-27%20232117.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1114" data-original-width="1830" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSo_lb4BLjjpM9IEM2ZGPjDNtA97XcbizksvOTWBhdOloX6hxFsG1vKoTmwGH7XR5o-W8IgPnrKRGMUHEHFhOS8DjBDCEs3ss0U9lPsIiZcNKgy1-P2_Tenh2KM4ElfkFtC5nIAuElhfmvgfgBrujYrof3kaE45Qvpqlgd6Cp22MKSUCpZtCfWmfJWQw/w640-h390/Screenshot%202022-04-27%20232117.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 1. Corn grain yield response to growing season Growing Degree Unit (GDU) accumulation during 1987 to 2021 at Arlington, WI. Years were </b><b>selected and grouped when GDU accumulation was <u>+</u>
one standard deviation from the average. Click
to enlarge.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p> Likewise, odd precipitation years were identified when a growing season was <u>+</u> one standard deviation from the average (Figure 2). Drier growing seasons included: <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf" target="_blank">1988</a>, 1989, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2003.pdf" target="_blank">2003</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2005.pdf" target="_blank">2005</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2011.pdf" target="_blank">2011</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2012.pdf" target="_blank">2012</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf" target="_blank">2021</a>. Wetter growing seasons included: 1993, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2006.pdf" target="_blank">2006</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2008.pdf" target="_blank">2008</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2010.pdf" target="_blank">2010</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2018.pdf" target="_blank">2018</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2019.pdf" target="_blank">2019</a>. Grain yield during an average precipitation growing season was 188 bu/A. Grain yield during dry seasons averaged 166 bu/A, and during wet seasons averaged 178 bu/A.<br /> <br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVY5pbOzGNZhS6h6z5Qle88D1dPgZa0YN_4gF77xqlpeeJPp8gqnE75xCPtS2aO1vQzRA9Idm-whrhkkSHEjJW4oBR4jda-xCyZe2TF5pdqcIAQmTJWUZLZQpz3hiCet5fqhN3M2xV2dcvHbUc6_tJ4IyvfUujEFc0LIj-r1ubBPjw-WzRWk_fFtZbg/s1840/Screenshot%202022-04-27%20232200.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="1840" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZVY5pbOzGNZhS6h6z5Qle88D1dPgZa0YN_4gF77xqlpeeJPp8gqnE75xCPtS2aO1vQzRA9Idm-whrhkkSHEjJW4oBR4jda-xCyZe2TF5pdqcIAQmTJWUZLZQpz3hiCet5fqhN3M2xV2dcvHbUc6_tJ4IyvfUujEFc0LIj-r1ubBPjw-WzRWk_fFtZbg/w640-h390/Screenshot%202022-04-27%20232200.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 2. Corn grain yield response to growing season precipitation during 1987 to 2021 at Arlington, WI. Years were
</b><b>selected and grouped when precipitation was <u>+</u>
one standard deviation from the average. Click
to enlarge.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The key point is that crop rotation maximizes corn grain yield consistently regardless of the kind of growing season. As a cropping sequence becomes more continuous, corn grain yield is more affected by odd growing seasons compared to an "average" growing season whether cool/warm or dry/wet. Grain yield in the second corn year following five years of soybean (2C) is more affected in a warm growing seasons than 2C in cool or dry/wet growing seasons. By 3C, the rotation effect is gone and grain yield are similar to 35+ years of continuous corn.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>. </span></i></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-71612600908656876592022-04-27T11:08:00.004-05:002022-04-30T09:56:05.201-05:00Farmers continue to increase corn plant density <p>As technologies improve over time, management decisions need to be adjusted to keep up with the changing times. Better equipment, improved bio-engineered hybrids, better seed treatments, irrigation technologies, new pesticides, etc. have all contributed to corn grain yield progress. One management decision that continues to evolve is plant population. For some recent articles on this topic click <a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2019/08/B104.html" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2019/04/B101.html" target="_blank">here</a>. For the latest USDA-NASS data collected in farmer fields during August, see Figure 1. Field plant populations are increasing at the rate of 270 to 300 plants/A*yr. Usually about 5 to 10% of the seed planted does not emerge, so seeding rates are 31,000 to 35,000 seeds/A.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAByxFCTxQxozGJh7_sJ_BfFz9iVmK7WlxgOJ8IRdvzlVzNWQsmGu9X--HdtNyds1mKUcB2SXGYh5ztfcAOJ1QMffgfxogbQDi9gzH6JOctmL9vtia8AnEXT2spQwS0_N9PGHhHhHypd4z5gTIcYA1BhRhBGMnGviyn6ibt5r9kdDJc6CrgvVtqjq5LA/s1136/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20220954.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1136" data-original-width="892" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAByxFCTxQxozGJh7_sJ_BfFz9iVmK7WlxgOJ8IRdvzlVzNWQsmGu9X--HdtNyds1mKUcB2SXGYh5ztfcAOJ1QMffgfxogbQDi9gzH6JOctmL9vtia8AnEXT2spQwS0_N9PGHhHhHypd4z5gTIcYA1BhRhBGMnGviyn6ibt5r9kdDJc6CrgvVtqjq5LA/s320/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20220954.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 1. Corn plant density changes over time for selected U.S. states. The rate of change (slope) in plants/A*yr since 1982
is reported for each state. Data derived from USDA-NASS (1982-2021). Click to enlarge.<br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>It is clear from our research data that maximum yield plant densities (MYPD) and economic optimum plant densities (EOPD) are increasing. Recent research has shown that each hybrid has a MYPD and EOPD. There is gathering evidence that even each field within a farm may have a corn MYPD and EOPD. In many years (not 2022), seed cost can be as big of an input cost as nitrogen cost (Figure 2). Input adjustments can mean significant cost savings when corn grain prices are low (again not 2022).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-84W0Jgibu6DnJBwPae5hMujjaUuR5nXYiZUQKGQXNH0A1OBrnZqYw8KDawTSvw0qfbFa4DeoK_APpTOOxDZ_Px_gGgQwko1Nti0YlR3CZnI9ukpbmL5s0h8xsmDq2aIMJkHsq5fthuExiH9swiVpcDIDPPXPZGe_jzydAvjqZgckLSpunc4bZDkDQ/s1644/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20221139.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1644" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-84W0Jgibu6DnJBwPae5hMujjaUuR5nXYiZUQKGQXNH0A1OBrnZqYw8KDawTSvw0qfbFa4DeoK_APpTOOxDZ_Px_gGgQwko1Nti0YlR3CZnI9ukpbmL5s0h8xsmDq2aIMJkHsq5fthuExiH9swiVpcDIDPPXPZGe_jzydAvjqZgckLSpunc4bZDkDQ/s320/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20221139.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 2. USDA-ERS cost of production estimates for corn (last updated October 1, 2021). The Northern Crescent includes the northern tier of U.S. states along the Great Lakes. The Heartland includes Midwest Corn Belt states. Click to enlarge.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Adjusting plant density for your fields is one of the key production decisions for producing high yielding corn. Clearly farmers are adjusting plant densities higher. One approach to adjusting this decision is to plant the majority of your field to a target plant density based upon your experience. Then for one round (or pass) in a couple parts of the field, increase plant density 10%. Measure yield at the end of the season and during the season watch for "runt" plants, tillering, prolificacy, ear bareness. big versus small ears, ear tip "nose-back" and plant lodging. Adjust the field accordingly the following year.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>. </span></i> <br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-59142659343603378112022-04-26T11:50:00.002-05:002022-04-30T09:56:27.424-05:00Corn grain yield response to crop rotation during extreme weather<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYH-xoMgOlhD6OC6_0XGHTOgTbqrZQ0HyV1wR6bYuqFud46D4jcAhsAJcjC2gjTihzK9AwR0Pc92Rloo_7gC12koT5YiAt68U-t8NnY68Jf1GqljPSJOeZX8HZSlsm_ze0dUHxAR0JtVIjwzbQRbIu1xh8IU6R_XXCUkF-jPdW_Ke93OWdYMgZEFflig/s1674/Screenshot%202022-04-24%20111746.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1178" data-original-width="1674" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYH-xoMgOlhD6OC6_0XGHTOgTbqrZQ0HyV1wR6bYuqFud46D4jcAhsAJcjC2gjTihzK9AwR0Pc92Rloo_7gC12koT5YiAt68U-t8NnY68Jf1GqljPSJOeZX8HZSlsm_ze0dUHxAR0JtVIjwzbQRbIu1xh8IU6R_XXCUkF-jPdW_Ke93OWdYMgZEFflig/s320/Screenshot%202022-04-24%20111746.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /></p><p>The 2022 growing season started out with drought concerns and now wet, cool weather conditions make many wonder when we will ever get into the field. I have been curious about how well some of our agronomic recommendations hold up in extreme weather conditions. Let's review what happens with the crop rotation recommendation where we encourage farmers to rotate crops when possible. I will use data from a corn-soybean rotation experiment that was initiated in 1983 at Arlington, WI.</p><p>The first four years of this experiment were "set-up" years for the crop rotations and were discarded from the analysis below. So that leaves data collected during the 35-yr period from 1987 to 2021. Extreme growing degree unit (GDU) accumulation years were selected when a growing season was <u>+</u> one standard deviation from the average. Cooler seasons included: 1992, 1993, 1997, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2004.pdf" target="_blank">2004</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2008.pdf" target="_blank">2008</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2009.pdf" target="_blank">2009</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2013.pdf" target="_blank">2013 </a>and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2014.pdf" target="_blank">2014</a>. Warmer growing seasons included: 1987, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf" target="_blank">1988</a>, 1991, 1995, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2005.pdf" target="_blank">2005</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf" target="_blank">2021</a>. Likewise, extreme precipitation years were identified when a growing season was <u>+</u> one standard deviation from the average. Drier growing seasons included: <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf" target="_blank">1988</a>, 1989, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2003.pdf" target="_blank">2003</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2005.pdf" target="_blank">2005</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2011.pdf" target="_blank">2011</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2012.pdf" target="_blank">2012</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf" target="_blank">2021</a>. Wetter growing seasons included: 1993, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2006.pdf" target="_blank">2006</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2008.pdf" target="_blank">2008</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2010.pdf" target="_blank">2010</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2018.pdf" target="_blank">2018</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2019.pdf" target="_blank">2019</a>. <b>The growing seasons that were most extreme for both GDU accumulation AND precipitation were: Cool/Wet= 1993 and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2008.pdf" target="_blank">2008</a>; and Warm/Dry= <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf" target="_blank">1988</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2005.pdf" target="_blank">2005</a>, and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf" target="_blank">2021</a>.</b> All other growing seasons were lumped into average years for producing Figure 1.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkLebqflXvnu-TbxsPO9xTbZlfa_UimyDsmDizIw6SnHs8zvoaUrfa_MEShityvixS6qWC3z56R5uyl3IXI0VdMctT35Z3NYRRqWglsOnsRS0XHOZesX2CmamVKYUOah5psv6w5oZJ7KZnQ19wlOU3xvLJ0WsIyM_dwBqJeTYNS8H3Mg3c2u0_GL87A/s1798/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20105616.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1128" data-original-width="1798" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkLebqflXvnu-TbxsPO9xTbZlfa_UimyDsmDizIw6SnHs8zvoaUrfa_MEShityvixS6qWC3z56R5uyl3IXI0VdMctT35Z3NYRRqWglsOnsRS0XHOZesX2CmamVKYUOah5psv6w5oZJ7KZnQ19wlOU3xvLJ0WsIyM_dwBqJeTYNS8H3Mg3c2u0_GL87A/w640-h402/Screenshot%202022-04-26%20105616.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><b>Figure 1. Relative corn grain yield (percent of maximum) of various cropping sequences following soybean </b><b><b>during 1987 to 2021 </b>at Arlington, WI. Cool/Wet and Warm/Dry growing seasons were determined by selecting years <u>+</u>
one standard deviation from the average for both growing degree unit accumulation AND
precipitation. Click
to enlarge.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><p>For a previous report on grain yield response in this experiment, <a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2012/10/B025.html" target="_blank">click here</a>. Corn grain yield during an "average" growing season over this 35-yr time period was189 bu/A. Corn grain yield during "cool/wet" seasons was 179 bu/A and during "warm/dry" seasons was 155 bu/A; both lower than the yield of an average season.</p><p>Regardless of the kind of growing season, the best grain yielding treatment was corn following 5-yrs of soybean (1C). Corn in a corn-soybean annual rotation (CS) was the next best rotation treatment and usually not statistically different than corn following 5-yrs of soybean, except in a cool/wet year. Continuous corn (CC) yielded 17% less in an average season than 1C. However, during cool/wet and warm/dry season grain yield was 27 to 28% less than 1C. <br /></p><p>Relative grain yield of second year corn (2C), 3C, 4C, and 5C was lower in cool/wet and warm/dry growing seasons than an average year. In an average year, we typically see a yield response for 2C while 3C, 4C and 5C yield similarly to CC. In a warm/dry season there was no rotation response for 2C compared to 3C, 4C and 5C, while cool/wet seasons still had a yield response in 2C. For all growing seasons, 3C, 4C and 5C do not yield differently than CC.<br /></p><p>Although the corn-soybean rotation is the dominant cropping sequence in the Midwest U.S., many Wisconsin farmers add other crops like wheat and alfalfa when possible. I would expect a similar response as above, especially in the second year of the continuous crop. At least two break years from the continuous crop will produce a rotation response in the second year, unless the growing season is warm/dry (i.e. drought). The rotation response disappears by the third continuous crop regardless of the type of growing season.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>.</span></i> <br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-87300042488990835732022-04-21T11:50:00.003-05:002022-04-30T09:56:48.595-05:00Dragging a manure hose over corn at early growth stages does not reduce yield.<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibCv3Tyew__9phy6zcjXOawUGb5milElX8lFSS7sqCdCplnDHMvmmhS80U8WPxPo7trH8dO2m5TB6COobSmaU01ExJaruEIWVOzlV3ZizK8eveFc2sBqHwvZ0pFetIGRxBx5oWiucfuHrv3r60_o4XlQA6FuhkHeY6nnI9e5C_Kz5aLCNmmyP8HGAQdg/s1244/pfarr1.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="1244" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibCv3Tyew__9phy6zcjXOawUGb5milElX8lFSS7sqCdCplnDHMvmmhS80U8WPxPo7trH8dO2m5TB6COobSmaU01ExJaruEIWVOzlV3ZizK8eveFc2sBqHwvZ0pFetIGRxBx5oWiucfuHrv3r60_o4XlQA6FuhkHeY6nnI9e5C_Kz5aLCNmmyP8HGAQdg/w400-h225/pfarr1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Photo by Chris Pfarr<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>One of my earliest memories of growing corn was driving tractor while picking rocks on my uncle's farm. I was 6 years old and could barely push in the clutch. After getting me going in granny gear and pointing me down the field, my only job was to drive straight and stay off the corn. However, I ran over lots of corn and thought I had caused the death of numerous seedlings that day, but my cousin said not to worry. I don't remember what happened when we reached the end of the field, but I do remember I was demoted quickly from tractor driver and promoted to rock picker.<br /></p><p>Running over corn happens when side-dressing with a manure hose application system. However, little is known about what growth stage different corn hybrids can be dragged with a manure hose before plant population and grain yield is affected. In a paper published in <i>Agronomy Journal</i> field studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Minnesota. Plots were dragged in both directions along the row with a manure hose from the first through sixth leaf collar growth stages (vegetative [V] growth stage V1 through V6) and compared to a non-dragged control. Dragging corn at V1 to V3 did not significantly damage the crop. Dragging corn at V5 and V6, and sometimes V4, reduced yield and increased grain moisture. Dragging at V4 reduced plant population and yield by 41% in 1 of 4 site-years, while dragging after V5 significantly reduced yield by 21–79% and in most cases, increased grain moisture. These results suggest that when using a manure drag hose application system to side-dress corn, side-dressing should be completed before V4 to avoid damaging the crop.</p><p></p><p><b>Further reading</b></p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20797" target="_blank">Wilson ML, Pfarr CJ, Fernández FG, Coulter JA. Dragging a manure hose over corn at early growth stages does not reduce yield. Agronomy Journal. 2021;113:3910–3921.<br />https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20797</a><br /></p><p><a href="https://lpelc.org/sidedressing-corn-swine-manure-via-dragline-hose-produces-yields-comparable-to-synthetic-fertilizer/" target="_blank">Sidedressing Corn: Swine Manure via Dragline Hose Produces Yields Comparable to Synthetic Fertilizer</a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>.</span></i><br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-38140821624817474662022-04-20T11:31:00.001-05:002022-04-20T11:31:57.654-05:00Planting date effects on corn grain and forage yield<p>Corn planters will soon be rolling throughout Wisconsin and the Midwest Corn Belt. The annual struggle between field conditions being "just right" and not too wet versus delaying planting to another day will start to weigh on farmer's minds. In addition, planting delays in the northern tier of U.S. states have greater impact on yield due to a shorter growing season and the added dimension ("double-whammy") of drying costs at harvest that can occur during cool, wet growing seasons. </p><p>Figure 1 shows the impact of planting date on relative grain yield at Arlington. If all corn could be planted on one date, ideally it would be on May 1 or slightly earlier to decrease drying costs. Planting delays to June 1 will lower yields about 30%. However, in some growing seasons, 100% of the maximum grain yield can be achieved planting into late May. Grain yield decreases 0.5 bu/A per day on May 15 and accelerates to 2.5 bu/A per day on June 1.<br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-nGnsi2EekVYuUUxsNA9GMULRJgrv8hQX1KZW4pEyuMjdTt41f2Ll7ZKZE9pwRcLVm-vKWUQtPbx4phobl4FeJnYCJpgJM650Q_Mi6BNE3XefgvX8o-6GoVI4HWbyO77cOZvKpSoMxvcQb41NRzY31X8sMysDiriXrMQS0jtdQaeK5PHPhXA5hy1fQ/s1814/rGY.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1154" data-original-width="1814" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW-nGnsi2EekVYuUUxsNA9GMULRJgrv8hQX1KZW4pEyuMjdTt41f2Ll7ZKZE9pwRcLVm-vKWUQtPbx4phobl4FeJnYCJpgJM650Q_Mi6BNE3XefgvX8o-6GoVI4HWbyO77cOZvKpSoMxvcQb41NRzY31X8sMysDiriXrMQS0jtdQaeK5PHPhXA5hy1fQ/w640-h408/rGY.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. The relationship between relative grain yield and planting date. Data includes all hybrids and trials conducted between 1991 and 2021 at Arlington, WI. Click to enlarge.</b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>A similar story emerges for corn forage yield (Figure 2). A good rule of thumb is that, "What you do to maximize corn grain yield, you should also do to maximize corn forage yield." The ideal planting date to maximum forage yield is May 1. By June 1, forage yield has decreased about 15%. However, many planting dates in June have achieved 100% of relative forage yield in the past. Forage yield decreases 0.2 T DM/A per day on May 15 and accelerates to 0.3 T DM/A per day on June 1.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGdN_qHjhtNXKvhX3BnHRP7SVLc8mfmM1jgLYhv5ICB8B4NYXbCtKWNh3i039EqOgDN0kFtY27GbTAZdR2EBSwJhuY5U2P4uGNVlI9OHGXIqPtQHqAO1EPQ8KwSdsc5ME_cBWB1Lu4Kc5EWI3bURDQT9V221Sn1hbHRa6DbfG6tx_Zfu9XPQrbj6pwvw/s1818/rFY.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1150" data-original-width="1818" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGdN_qHjhtNXKvhX3BnHRP7SVLc8mfmM1jgLYhv5ICB8B4NYXbCtKWNh3i039EqOgDN0kFtY27GbTAZdR2EBSwJhuY5U2P4uGNVlI9OHGXIqPtQHqAO1EPQ8KwSdsc5ME_cBWB1Lu4Kc5EWI3bURDQT9V221Sn1hbHRa6DbfG6tx_Zfu9XPQrbj6pwvw/w640-h404/rFY.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2. The relationship between relative forage yield and planting
date. Data includes all hybrids and trials conducted between 1991 and
2021 at Arlington, WI. Click to enlarge.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>For both corn grain and forage yield, the variability (i.e. risk - spread of the data points around the average) of June planting dates increases. The success of June planting depends upon the growing season. For example, many farmers had success with June planting in 2021, while few had success in 2019. Now is the time to be ready to go, if field conditions allow.<br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-14702489884784205512022-04-18T10:25:00.011-05:002022-04-30T09:57:09.614-05:00Seeding depth affects corn plant emergence uniformity and grain yield<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUeSJFcfO7IWpR-kxHi4qWsH21k6FZe09wfKk_A37TPIm7EAmwgP-lDg5WeDK2Q-0nYPub8nenDpQ1gpTKH5g6YpP_qZW1xzy5Vs0W8rGMCW4ZSqV1-7DFezNMK25pxWYPRf-hxbbCBETqzNDLizYlnlnC7lC6KWNxH1q7AGz4nR7yZOyu-BpeUkjRtA/s1219/Capture.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="922" data-original-width="1219" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUeSJFcfO7IWpR-kxHi4qWsH21k6FZe09wfKk_A37TPIm7EAmwgP-lDg5WeDK2Q-0nYPub8nenDpQ1gpTKH5g6YpP_qZW1xzy5Vs0W8rGMCW4ZSqV1-7DFezNMK25pxWYPRf-hxbbCBETqzNDLizYlnlnC7lC6KWNxH1q7AGz4nR7yZOyu-BpeUkjRtA/s320/Capture.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Planting depth effect on mesocotyl length. (Click to enlarge)</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Rarely do we see a paper published on corn seeding depth and the subsequent impact on grain yield. Precision technologies have allowed for capabilities of variable rate seeding, multi-hybrid planting on the go, and the ability to vary planting depth in real time in response to real-time soil moisture data. In a paper published by Nemergut et al. (2021), corn seed was planted at 1-, 2-, and 3-inch depths on two soil types in Ohio over three growing season (2017 to 2019). Shallow planting resulted in less uniform more extended emergence periods than 2- and 3-inch planting depths. If a plant emerged within 3 days of the first emerged neighboring plants, then there was no effect on plant grain yield. Any plant that emerged more than 3 days after the first emerged plant had a 5% decrease in kernel weight per day. Grain yield per plant increased as planting depth increased. Grain yield per acre was significantly increased by planting depth with seed planted at 2- and 3-inches yielding 8 or 10% more than the 1-inch seeding depth on one of the two soils. Other researchers have also shown improving emergence uniformity can positively increase yield, and that optimum planting depth may vary by field. </p><p><b>Further Reading</b></p><p>Nemergut KT, Thomison PR, Carter PR, Lindsey AJ. Planting depth affects corn emergence, growth and development, and yield. Agronomy Journal. 2021;113:3351–3360. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20701" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.2070</a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>.</span></i> <br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-87716157090036044432022-04-07T10:25:00.004-05:002022-04-30T09:57:38.032-05:00What if the 2022 Growing Season is a Drought?<p> </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjARWTR2koiIRLemyxo25_3MhNnhDGhamGVW-00eZOKcB0RRCVzsW0MallSOD5FGZ3xpYshtrKGYVgHwflKdOh6htsd1DD34cfhEhwBuJ2SDD0_EOjCxXohctsSH6A7Xj7JiNEkzrid9_8doT7d5tmrzNViiOOE2w7xX5rp-wB0-xSsEkfTgq5UGux8Ew/s1685/Screenshot%202022-04-07%20082711.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1679" data-original-width="1685" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjARWTR2koiIRLemyxo25_3MhNnhDGhamGVW-00eZOKcB0RRCVzsW0MallSOD5FGZ3xpYshtrKGYVgHwflKdOh6htsd1DD34cfhEhwBuJ2SDD0_EOjCxXohctsSH6A7Xj7JiNEkzrid9_8doT7d5tmrzNViiOOE2w7xX5rp-wB0-xSsEkfTgq5UGux8Ew/s320/Screenshot%202022-04-07%20082711.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>U.S. Drought Monitor <a href="https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/" target="_blank">map released April 7, 2022</a>. (Click to enlarge)</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>There is a lot of concern among farmers about dry spring conditions as we head into the 2022 growing season. Significant areas of the western U.S. are encountering extreme to exceptional drought. In the Midwest, the southern tiers of Wisconsin counties and the northern 1-2 tiers of Illinois counties are abnormally dry or under moderate drought.</p><p>Figure 1 describes the 30 yr monthly average precipitation at the UW Agricultural Research Station in Arlington. Only 23.5 inches of precipitation was measured during 2021 compared to the 30-yr annual average of 35.2 inches. We typically get most of our precipitation during April, May and June. The variability (risk) of precipitation patterns during April to June is quite high ranging from 3.8 to 5.4 inches (standard deviation= <u>+</u> 1.9 to 2.7 inches). Monthly precipitation amounts can range from 1.8 to 7.9 inches of precipitation during April, May and June.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwv3e3tx0FgvXKX6o-zmET-TfbeduxS8wTKNmef5uV4m19EK_Zt-OxtpnhwjwYqNYoRwKZrSOCntFCt9dJfDlvuitiocPU7uS55c4KNnIP60Q9m8q0vNbIfzu5gQbILX2UpzIhJwOsQ-TyIxMVXzgRpCZwqRWM9VBqHl6xMH38yuz-OcH-zat_wR73Q/s1314/Screenshot%202022-04-07%20084348.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1314" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMwv3e3tx0FgvXKX6o-zmET-TfbeduxS8wTKNmef5uV4m19EK_Zt-OxtpnhwjwYqNYoRwKZrSOCntFCt9dJfDlvuitiocPU7uS55c4KNnIP60Q9m8q0vNbIfzu5gQbILX2UpzIhJwOsQ-TyIxMVXzgRpCZwqRWM9VBqHl6xMH38yuz-OcH-zat_wR73Q/s320/Screenshot%202022-04-07%20084348.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Figure 1. Monthly precipitation at the UW-ARS in Arlington. Data were derived from the Midwest Regional Climatological Center. Error bars are the standard deviation of the 30 yr monthly average. (Click to enlarge)</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>During 2021, monthly precipitation was outside of the error bars in Figure 1 only during April and November. Drier conditions during April allowed for early planting, while drier grain moisture was observed at harvest. The month that was average for precipitation was August which is the grain-filling period for corn. No 2021 precipitation monthly average was above the 30 yr monthly average. So even though precipitation was one of the lowest on record, the distribution was adequate for near-record grain yields.<br /></p><p> Some of the current drought conditions described by the U.S. Drought Monitor for Wisconsin and Illinois are a holdover from the 2021 season. Since January 2022, the amount of precipitation measured at Arlington is average. Soil profile water content is likely lower than normal. </p><p><b>How Do We Prepare for the 2022 Growing Season?</b></p><p>The short answer is that you "manage for the average." Don't change things too much unless you have been considering and preparing changes in your management style for some time. The weather during 2022 could be cooler/warmer and/or drier/wetter than normal. <br /></p><p>Again, I would "manage for the average" during 2022. No one can predict the weather. If you are convinced that the weather is going to be drier than normal, then I would consider the following:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Select a hybrid that is bio-engineered to include drought "tolerant" transgenes. Be wary of hybrids traditionally bred for drought "resistant" traits.</li><li>Use hybrids with the Bt-ECB bio-engineered trait. Stalk integrity will be important for water molecule movement within the plant and will likely increase standability at harvest. Mycotoxin issues are more often observed in drought stressed years because of increased corn borer activity.<br /></li><li>Select a hybrid that is shorter-season than typical for your field. You will give up yield compared to a full-season hybrid, but the the shorter-season hybrid will go through pollination earlier when soil profile water might be adequate to ensure pollination.</li><li>Plant early. Planting corn early has the same effect as selecting a shorter-season hybrid. Plants will go through the pollination phase earlier when soil profile water content is greater.<br /></li><li>Lower plant population. Our data shows that grain yield is not affected by plant population during a drought year. By lowering your plant population you capture some return on investment by lowering seed cost.</li><li>Rotate your crops. Rotated corn grain yield during a drought year is increased (25 to 30%) more than continuous corn. </li><li>Use no-tillage. Residue on the soil surface acts as a mulch and a boundary layer for evaporation from the soil surface.</li><li>Control weeds. Weeds will compete with corn for water resources.</li><li>Do not over-apply nitrogen. Apply at MRTN rates. Nitrogen increases corn leaf area thereby increasing the potential amount of surface area and cooling load that the plant requires for transpiration.<br /></li></ol><p>Some of these management decision changes have the potential to leave yield in the field during a normal weather year. As we saw during 2021, some of these decisions are about timing of precipitation events. I remember the 2005 and 2012 when weather conditions were dry through mid-July. Adequate rains came in mid-July and soils that had higher soil water content allowed plants to escape drought effects on pollination. For some, early planting date and shorter-season hybrids did not work and fields were abandoned.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #a50021; font-size: 10pt;">Please forward this article to those who
may find the information useful.<br />Click to <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Subscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">subscribe</span></a>
or <a href="mailto:WiscCorn@gmail.com?subject=Unsubscribe"><span style="color: #a50021;">unsubscribe</span></a>. </span></i></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-24292455666083133302022-03-17T11:56:00.004-05:002022-03-22T10:31:11.678-05:00The 2021 UW Agronomy Report on Corn Management Systems and Cultural Practices <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhioFvaU_8uisH0YG7pgcgubh4PyGQ1jy0QoEN11OUZvecxf2vKjJymzgEEuqt2awOfG1I47Hqd6tY9Rv2E1ICLASVE0lGoPP1ONtkH2At2YCnPWb6xW36VbOui57c8QY4PYIRlDYYWJ2Ltfaw1DiZV6P9HDV_cvUGIsvt5vP2eGj5EfdlomxEpDQlc7g=s424" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="424" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhioFvaU_8uisH0YG7pgcgubh4PyGQ1jy0QoEN11OUZvecxf2vKjJymzgEEuqt2awOfG1I47Hqd6tY9Rv2E1ICLASVE0lGoPP1ONtkH2At2YCnPWb6xW36VbOui57c8QY4PYIRlDYYWJ2Ltfaw1DiZV6P9HDV_cvUGIsvt5vP2eGj5EfdlomxEpDQlc7g=w400-h358" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Photo by Sevie Kenyon</td></tr></tbody></table><div><div><p>Agronomy is the science of sustainable land management. Agronomists generate, integrate and apply science-based knowledge and principles to crops grown for food, feed, fiber, and fuel that are efficient, environmentally sound, and sustainable for future generations.</p><p>The mission of the University of Wisconsin Corn Agronomy program is to answer corn management questions expressed
by Wisconsin farmers and industry. Although farmers are the primary clientele, the general public
ultimately benefits and pays for this program. Therefore, we consciously evaluate
impacts of this program on society and keep the public aware of how we spend their
money.
</p>
<p>
Specific objectives of this program focus on management decision-making regarding
crop productivity, quality, and production efficiency including hybrid selection,
rotation, tillage systems, and replant and yield loss damage assessments. Emphasis
is on impacts of cropping practices on grower profitability, the environment, and
natural resource conservation.
</p>
<p>Every year, approximately 12,000 plots are planted, maintained and harvested at 14 locations throughout Wisconsin. Research conducted by the University of Wisconsin Corn Agronomy program is published for each production season at <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/</a>. The report for 2021 can be downloaded at <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Report/2021.pdf">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Report/2021.pdf</a>. </p><p>A summary of the weather for the 2021 production season can be found for Arlington at <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf</a> and for Marshfield at <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/MAR/2021.pdf">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/MAR/2021.pdf</a>. </p><p>Results for the 2021 projects include:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2021/2021Text.aspx" target="_blank"><b>2021 WISCONSIN CORN HYBRID PERFORMANCE
TRIALS </b>Grain - Silage - Specialty - Organic</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01HT/GD2021.pdf" target="_blank">Corn Hybrid Growth and Development</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/01ST/Syngenta2021.pdf" target="_blank">Syngenta Private Silage Trials</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/02PD/2021.pdf" target="_blank">Plant Density and Hybrid Influence on Corn Grain and Silage Performance</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/03DOP/2021.pdf" target="_blank">Date of Planting and Hybrid Influence on Corn Forage and Corn Grain Yield</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/06PDxRS/2021.pdf" target="_blank">Plant Density and Row Spacing Effects on Corn Grain and Silage Yield</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/AC2021.pdf" target="_blank">Alfalfa - Corn Response to Rotation</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/CS2021.pdf" target="_blank">Corn - Soybean Response to Tillage and Rotation</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/CSW2021.pdf" target="_blank">Corn - Soybean - Wheat Response to Rotation</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/09Rotation/ACOSW2021.pdf" target="_blank">Crop Rotation Response to N-rate</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/16PlantVariability/SweetCorn2021.pdf" target="_blank">Sweet Corn Response to Leaf Area Reduction</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/17Tillage/2021.pdf" target="_blank">Tillage Systems in Corn and Soybean Production Systems</a></li><li><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/19Systems/2021.pdf" target="_blank">Multi-factor Management Decisions for Continuous and Rotated Corn</a></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12pt;">We
appreciate the financial support, product support and cooperation from the
agri-business and grower groups without which this work would not be possible.
We have done our best to see that the experiment design and data collection to
date is complete, timely and free from errors. However, if you detect an error
in these results, please call it to our attention.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 12pt;">We
look forward to new research opportunities during 2022, as well as, completion
of some studies underway. Please feel free to suggest ways that we can
cooperate in the 2022 growing season.</span></p>
</div></div>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-26992549456804956772021-11-12T18:12:00.003-06:002021-11-12T18:12:44.281-06:002021 Wisconsin Corn Hybrid Performance Trials: Grain • Silage • Specialty • Organic<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hRjJ8iSQtAM/YY8BUc4vllI/AAAAAAAAFaQ/6kYerRpUT_YtNoLyN5W1eVvfS9HX1yThQCLcBGAsYHQ/s880/Screenshot%2B2021-11-12%2B180449.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="880" height="280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hRjJ8iSQtAM/YY8BUc4vllI/AAAAAAAAFaQ/6kYerRpUT_YtNoLyN5W1eVvfS9HX1yThQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h280/Screenshot%2B2021-11-12%2B180449.png" width="400" /> </a></p><p style="text-align: left;">Every year, the University of Wisconsin-Extension and the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences conduct a corn evaluation program in cooperation with the Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association. The purpose of this program is to provide unbiased performance comparisons of hybrid seed corn for both grain and silage available in Wisconsin. In 2021, grain and silage performance trials were planted at 14 locations in four production zones: the southern, south central, north central, and northern zones. Both seed companies and university researchers submitted hybrids. </p><p style="text-align: left;">The 2021 growing season at most sites was warmer compared to the 30-year normal. Growing season precipitation compared to the 30-year normal was drier for southern Wisconsin and average for northern Wisconsin. Planting progress was faster than average with 50% of the acreage planted by May 3. Most trial plots were established by early May. Stand establishment was good to excellent at all locations. A late spring frost event on May 30 reduced some plant stands in commercial production fields. In southern Wisconsin, precipitation was lower than normal prior to pollination and during early grain-filling. However, there was just enough precipitation to carry plants along and little stress was observed visually. Ear size was larger than normal. Tar spot, <i>Phyllachora maydis</i>, was significant in southern Wisconsin and disease ratings were obtained at Arlington. Isolated incidents of Anthracnose, <i>Colletotrichum graminicola</i>, was observed in northern Wisconsin. Both diseases showed up late in the growing season and likely did not affect silage yield. Good growing conditions continued into late-fall with a killing frost occurring in late October. Silage and grain moisture was lower than normal. Little plant lodging occurred at most trial sites. Little disease and insect pressure were observed within most trials. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Results for the 2021 growing season can be found at: <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2021/2021Text.aspx">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2021/2021Text.aspx</a> <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">Other years can be found at:</p><p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2021/2021Text.aspx">2021</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2020/2020Text.aspx">2020</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2019/2019Text.aspx">2019</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2018/2018Text.aspx">2018</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2017/2017Text.aspx">2017</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2016/2016Text.aspx">2016</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2015/2015Text.aspx">2015</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2014/2014Text.aspx">2014</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2013/2013Text.aspx">2013</a> |
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2012/2012Text.aspx">2012</a> |
</p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-54328744141127977792021-10-21T14:43:00.011-05:002021-10-22T10:04:31.322-05:00How Dry was the 2021 Growing Season at the Arlington UW-ARS?<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v057lnGHrik/YXG3QwYx_bI/AAAAAAAAFaI/ymwl8hPcm9g_SK7P9PtMWjZ03elSfxptQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1067/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B135324.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="1067" height="231" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-v057lnGHrik/YXG3QwYx_bI/AAAAAAAAFaI/ymwl8hPcm9g_SK7P9PtMWjZ03elSfxptQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h231/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B135324.jpg" width="400" /></a></p><p>This year, southern Wisconsin experienced dry conditions during the growing season. In spite of low precipitation, corn grain yields have been good to excellent for most farmers in the area.<br /></p><p>The University of Wisconsin Agriculture Research Station (UW-ARS) at Arlington began collecting weather data in July of 1962. How did the 2021 growing season compare to the previous growing seasons at Arlington for precipitation? </p><p>Growing season (April 1 to October 31) weather data (1963 to 2021) were obtained from the Midwest Region Climatological Center for the UW-ARS at Arlington. A 58-year average was calculated along with the standard deviation of the mean. The standard deviation was multiplied by 1.25 to get the wettest and driest growing seasons over this time period. The accumulated precipitation was compared to the average for each day during the study period. The daily deviations from the average accumulated precipitation are shown in Figure 1. <br /></p><p>The wettest growing seasons during this time period were 2019, 2018, 2010, 2008, 2006, 1993, and 1980. The driest growing seasons were <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2012.pdf">2012</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1988.pdf">1988</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1976.pdf">1976</a>, <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1971.pdf">1971 </a>and <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/1963.pdf">1963</a> (click on each year to see a more detailed weather summary). The <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Research/Weather/ARL/2021.pdf">2021</a> growing season ranks as one of the driest on record for the UW-ARS at Arlington. Precipitation patterns can be localized varying dramatically even within a farm.<br /></p><p>In spite of being one of the driest seasons on record, grain yield of the UW Corn Hybrid Performance Trial averaged 254 bu/A (<a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2021/10/B112.html">see preliminary results here</a>). <br /></p><p><b>Figure 1. Seasonal precipitation deviations from April 1 to October 31. Years were selected using <u>+</u>1.25 standard deviation of the 58-year average. </b><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fnz8RjWo4CY/YXGJuHYOoCI/AAAAAAAAFaA/5KksyczushI_J0cEKusd1KIu5OxDy56EwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1714/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B095515.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1076" data-original-width="1714" height="402" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fnz8RjWo4CY/YXGJuHYOoCI/AAAAAAAAFaA/5KksyczushI_J0cEKusd1KIu5OxDy56EwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h402/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B095515.jpg" width="640" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Record grain yield years usually have the following characteristics:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Earlier than normal planting with a<a name="OLE_LINK1">dequate spring soil moisture to activate herbicides,</a></li><li>A mild moisture stress ("mini-drought") during early corn development that fosters deep root penetration into the soil profile with soil moisture eventually replenished to
normal levels by pollination (1-inch of precipitation per week),</li><li>Corn development typically ahead of normal at some point
during the growing season, </li><li>A fall killing frost at the end of September
or during October, and </li><li>Dry fall harvest conditions. </li></ol><p>The 2021 growing season was typical of a record year, except that corn was challenged with a late-May frost event, rainfall of less than 1-inch per week during July to September, and a late incidence of Tar Spot. The lesson I learned from this season is that corn could get by with less than 1-inch of rain per week during July to September and still yield well. The efficient use of water might be attributed to the European Corn Borer transgenic trait grown in most modern hybrids.<br /></p></div>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-5809693440197462552021-10-21T10:38:00.000-05:002021-10-21T10:38:08.856-05:00Preliminary Grain Yields for the UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xMgQtCnVUV4/YXGFu81RySI/AAAAAAAAFZo/kjkAvF1ewEoQlibbmZaPSDIU3LExyAJUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1743/P8310776.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1441" data-original-width="1743" height="331" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xMgQtCnVUV4/YXGFu81RySI/AAAAAAAAFZo/kjkAvF1ewEoQlibbmZaPSDIU3LExyAJUwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h331/P8310776.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>Grain corn is rapidly being harvested across Wisconsin. Many farmers are reporting good yields at relatively dry grain moisture. <br /></p><p>Preliminary grain yields of hybrids in the UW Corn Performance Trials averaged 224 bu/A at 22.3% moisture (Table 1). The highest yielding location was Fond du Lac at 260 bu/A. Good yields were reported at most sites in northeastern Wisconsin. Test weight ranged from 53 to 57 lb/bu. Little lodging was observed, although plant stalk quality is an issue. Hopefully high winds will continue to stay away through the rest of harvest. Tar spot was a significant disease at locations in the southern zone.<br /></p><p><b>Table 1. Preliminary Grain Yields for the 2021 UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials.</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zJEIKmYL3AM/YXGGQpVyLRI/AAAAAAAAFZ4/NseEOa0Y-vgvwMNpyqaO5DhCXIqDfrlVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1029/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B100616.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1029" data-original-width="1003" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zJEIKmYL3AM/YXGGQpVyLRI/AAAAAAAAFZ4/NseEOa0Y-vgvwMNpyqaO5DhCXIqDfrlVgCLcBGAsYHQ/w390-h400/Screenshot%2B2021-10-21%2B100616.jpg" width="390" /></a></div><p></p><p>Final results will be available in November. Watch for the 2021 results at <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/Default.aspx">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/Default.aspx</a>.<br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-23448755106801044362021-10-19T10:35:00.004-05:002021-10-21T14:57:02.562-05:00Preliminary Silage Yields for the UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vYsaE7P0bGc/YW7dXDqugjI/AAAAAAAAFY8/yHU01kOTtR0L2oueVNvEgeRjgFiGd2UGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1350/corn_field.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1350" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vYsaE7P0bGc/YW7dXDqugjI/AAAAAAAAFY8/yHU01kOTtR0L2oueVNvEgeRjgFiGd2UGQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/corn_field.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Corn harvest is well underway with 32% of Wisconsin corn acreage harvested for grain as of October 17 (USDA-NASS). Corn is mostly mature (96%) with 68% good to excellent.</p><p></p><p>Preliminary corn silage yield for hybrids in the UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation program averaged across all locations was 10.6 T DM/A at 62.9% forage moisture (Table 1). Good yields were observed in spite of drought conditions at many locations. The highest yielding location was Arlington at 12.0 T DM/A averaged across 195 plots. </p><p>Corn silage drydown was faster than normal. Two weeks prior to harvest, we inspected all trials and determined a typical start-date for harvest. However, forage moisture proved drier than normal at many sites, although the
overall average of 62.9% which was close to our target moisture of 65%.</p><p> <b> Table 1. Preliminary Silage Yields for the 2021 UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials.</b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3gGGFbrPifY/YW8pzTj9C0I/AAAAAAAAFZM/dTQDrDCfaT08jCvXU8etoNQK1ls8VT1awCLcBGAsYHQ/s1127/Screenshot%2B2021-10-19%2B152245.jpg"><img alt="Table 1. Preliminary Silage Yields for the 2021UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials." border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="1037" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3gGGFbrPifY/YW8pzTj9C0I/AAAAAAAAFZM/dTQDrDCfaT08jCvXU8etoNQK1ls8VT1awCLcBGAsYHQ/w294-h320/Screenshot%2B2021-10-19%2B152245.jpg" title="Table 1. Preliminary Silage Yields for the 2021UW Corn Hybrid Evaluation Trials." width="294" /></a> <br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We are currently grinding and running forage quality analysis on all samples collected. Final results will be available in November.<br /></div>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-28035677590671895112021-06-04T14:20:00.012-05:002021-06-07T08:54:32.246-05:00Frost During Early Corn Development and its Effect on Yield <p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NJRHIGwQw6I/YLp0_cC2siI/AAAAAAAAFXA/iRTv6SiFQ0cA-wgk5UMf0rJYzqm0jbdrACLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/IMG_4154.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NJRHIGwQw6I/YLp0_cC2siI/AAAAAAAAFXA/iRTv6SiFQ0cA-wgk5UMf0rJYzqm0jbdrACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IMG_4154.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Photo by Kent Kohn<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p></p><p>This morning I received a series of texts from a crop consultant whose clients were concerned about the effect of last Friday's frost on corn yield. The question was, "Should they replant?" The short answer is "No." This frost event was a relatively early, correctable event that has caused a lot of anxiety, especially with above average corn prices. However, it is best to be patient. The growing point for corn is below ground and is often well insulated from freezing temperatures.<br /></p><p>Most plant leaf damage caused by the recent frost is observed in fields with lighter soils, that were no-till, that had cover crops, and/or were along edges of waterways. Most plants are recovering with new leaves emerging, although the recovery process has been slower than I anticipated. With temperature forecasts in the 90s, new leaves should emerge. If new
leaves do not appear, then the plant has died. This does not mean that
the field must be replanted. Use decision guidelines from the UW
publication, "<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Pubs/UWEX/A3353.pdf" target="_blank">Corn replant/late-plant decisions in Wisconsin</a>."</p><p>Although last week's frost killed emerged corn leaves, the effect on yield will be negligible. By now, nearly a week after the frost, corn plants should be showing newly emerging leaves. There may be some tie-up of the leaves with the killed leaves, but eventually these newly emerged leaves will unfurl, and development will continue normally. </p><p></p><p>Through the years we have done numerous leaf clipping studies where we have removed 100% of the leaves and measured its effect against an untreated check. In most years, corn grain yield was not affected when 100% of plants were defoliated between V1 and V4. On average there was a 7% yield decrease, however, the effect was significant in only 2 of 7 years that the experiment was conducted. Additionally, hail adjuster tables do not even begin adjusting for yield until the V7 stage of crop development.<br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJiKe7-xexw/YLp50ZiDZaI/AAAAAAAAFXI/_XSylXsJrtktieqdIa99rgVoLfg95l9oACLcBGAsYHQ/s1243/Screenshot%2B2021-06-04%2B140554.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1243" height="386" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJiKe7-xexw/YLp50ZiDZaI/AAAAAAAAFXI/_XSylXsJrtktieqdIa99rgVoLfg95l9oACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h386/Screenshot%2B2021-06-04%2B140554.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Grain yield response of corn that was 100% defoliated between V1 and V4 at Arlington, WI.</b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><b>Further Reading</b><p></p><p>Corn Replanting. <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/L004.aspx">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/L004.aspx</a> <br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-85375091852391990512020-12-02T10:25:00.002-06:002020-12-02T20:43:10.760-06:00Please join us for the 2021 Agronomy Update Virtual Meetings!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3xhu-uDtADQ/X8e_XK1pz5I/AAAAAAAAE90/J9Pz0dnZF8cElI1i1MyS5ZQ1NCTd5fbxwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1920/AUGoogle.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="1920" height="160" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3xhu-uDtADQ/X8e_XK1pz5I/AAAAAAAAE90/J9Pz0dnZF8cElI1i1MyS5ZQ1NCTd5fbxwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h160/AUGoogle.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p>The 2021 Agronomy Update Meetings will be virtual this year due to COVID-19. The meetings will present the latest information on hybrid/variety performance, an analysis and discussion of last year's growing season, and updated recommendations for field crop production. CEUs will be offered in Crop Management for Certified Crop Advisers. There is no charge for this event, but registration is required. There are two sessions to choose from, both sessions will present the same information. Please choose the one that best fits your schedule.<br /><br /><b>Presentations:</b><br /><br />Joe Lauer, UW-Madison Corn Agronomist<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>2020 weather impact on corn performance</li><li>What has 20-yrs of strip-tillage research shown us for corn production?</li><li>The impact of environment on corn silage yield and quality</li></ul><p><br />Shawn Conley, UW-Madison Soybean and Small Grain Agronomist<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Agronomically optimal soybean seeding rates and associated risk across North America</li><li>Does precision planting matter in soybean?</li><li>Wheat grain and straw yield, grain quality, and disease benefits associated with increased management intensity</li></ul><p><br />Matt Akins, UW Assistant Scientist & Dairy Extension Specialist and Kevin Jarek, UW Crops and Soils Agent<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Wisconsin's Forage Landscape - What Do the Trends Tell Us and What Does This Mean to Farmers?" </li></ul><p><br /><b>Meetings will be held on: </b><br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Tuesday, January 5 9:00 am to 11:50 am</b> Moderator: Bill Halfman, Monroe County, UW Agriculture Agent </li><li><b>Thursday, January 7 1:00 pm to 3:50 pm</b> Moderator: Josh Kamps, Lafayette County, UW Agriculture Agent </li></ul><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Register by January 3, 2021. Register at <a href="https://go.wisc.edu/f44ix5">https://go.wisc.edu/f44ix5</a></b></span><br /></p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-86629397532021550902020-11-24T17:22:00.001-06:002020-11-24T17:22:31.868-06:002020 UW Crop Performance Trial Results<p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zB35SZRdwCU/X72UoVz7TnI/AAAAAAAAE9M/x_SjFbnfMaEUqGtd30pfZRZjc_kQ3kUGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s738/Screenshot%2B2020-11-24%2B093858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="594" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zB35SZRdwCU/X72UoVz7TnI/AAAAAAAAE9M/x_SjFbnfMaEUqGtd30pfZRZjc_kQ3kUGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Screenshot%2B2020-11-24%2B093858.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr align="right"><td class="tr-caption">Photo by Mimi Broeske<br /></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>One of the most important decisions a farmer makes is the selection of
high performing, adapted hybrids and varieties. Selecting the correct
hybrid/variety can often mean the difference between profit and loss.
Increasingly, during the current bio-engineered era, the choice of
hybrid or variety that a farmer selects dictates the management style
for that field.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Plant breeders and agronomists test thousands of commercial and new
experimental hybrids and varieties for several years at many locations
over a range of plant populations, other management practices and
environments. These crop performance trials determine which
hybrids/varieties have yielding ability superior to current commercial
hybrids/varieties and estimate disease resistance and other important
characteristics.</p><p style="text-align: left;">Since 1973, there have
been 1120 trials conducted in the UW Corn Performance Trial program.
Within a trial, the average difference between the top- and
bottom-performing hybrid has averaged 71 bu/A (Figure 1). This
difference among hybrids is a significant economic impact on corn
profitability.<b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;"> </span></span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xrqLQRWwPZI/X72UobOxRpI/AAAAAAAAE9Y/FNfxFyY9flc2d1Ldl9s12Lk5othNU3_DgCPcBGAYYCw/s1458/Screenshot%2B2020-11-24%2B085947.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1458" height="364" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xrqLQRWwPZI/X72UobOxRpI/AAAAAAAAE9Y/FNfxFyY9flc2d1Ldl9s12Lk5othNU3_DgCPcBGAYYCw/w640-h364/Screenshot%2B2020-11-24%2B085947.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Figure 1. Grain yield difference between </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">top-
</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">and
</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">bottom-performing
</span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">corn
hybrid in each UW trial since 1973.</span></span></span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;"></span></span></span>For a copy of the 2020 crop performance trials see the following links:</b><br />
<br /><b>Corn:</b> <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/" target="_blank">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/</a><br /> <b>Soybean:</b> <a href="https://coolbean.info/soybean-research/variety-trial-results/" target="_blank">https://coolbean.info/soybean-research/variety-trial-results/</a><br /><b>Barley, Oat and Wheat:</b> <a href="https://coolbean.info/small-grains/variety-trial-results/" target="_blank">https://coolbean.info/small-grains/variety-trial-results/</a><br />
<br />These results are a good place to start when evaluating hybrids and
varieties to grow during 2020. Certainly, an on-farm test in conjunction
with seed company trials, and University trials would probably give the
best information, if all hybrids/varieties of interest were in the
trials. Since most farmers do not have the resources to conduct on-farm
trials at several locations, using unbiased results from other trials to
supplement on-farm yield results can increase the chance of picking a
hybrid that will do well next year. </p>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-13006322146954911552019-12-16T09:47:00.000-06:002019-12-16T09:47:32.201-06:00University of Wisconsin Hybrid/Variety Trial Information for 2020<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xvW7DskfspQ/XfejJep1lnI/AAAAAAAAE4E/MtLG1FHbngk-Xzr_qPF0TeMcSaBkm2QUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/DSC00036.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="834" data-original-width="1280" height="208" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xvW7DskfspQ/XfejJep1lnI/AAAAAAAAE4E/MtLG1FHbngk-Xzr_qPF0TeMcSaBkm2QUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/DSC00036.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
One of the most important decisions a farmer makes is the selection of high performing, adapted hybrids and varieties. Selecting the correct hybrid/variety can often mean the difference between profit and loss. Increasingly, during the current bio-engineered era, the choice of hybrid or variety that a farmer selects dictates the management style for that field.<br />
<br />
Plant breeders and agronomists test thousands of commercial and new experimental hybrids and varieties for several years at many locations over a range of plant populations, other management practices and environments. These crop performance trials determine which hybrids/varieties have yielding ability superior to current commercial hybrids/varieties and estimate disease resistance and other important characteristics.<br />
<br />
For a copy of the 2019 crop performance trials see the following links:<br />
<br />
Corn: <a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2019/2019Text.aspx">http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/2019/2019Text.aspx</a><br />
Soybean: <a href="https://coolbean.info/soybean-research/variety-trial-results/">https://coolbean.info/soybean-research/variety-trial-results/</a><br />
Barley, Oat, and Wheat: <a href="https://coolbean.info/small-grains/variety-trial-results/">https://coolbean.info/small-grains/variety-trial-results/</a><br />
<br />
These results are a good place to start when evaluating hybrids and varieties to grow during 2020. Certainly, an on-farm test in conjunction with seed company trials, and University trials would probably give the best information, if all hybrids/varieties of interest were in the trials. Since most farmers do not have the resources to conduct on-farm trials at several locations, using unbiased results from other trials to supplement on-farm yield results can increase the chance of picking a hybrid that will do well next year. Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-77844486911967971532019-08-30T05:22:00.000-05:002019-08-30T05:22:16.833-05:00Yield and Quality of July Planted Corn <b>The Kernels </b><br />
<ul>
<li>Corn has two peaks in forage quality: one at pollination and one at 50% kernel milkline. </li>
<li>Bareness generally reduces yield and grain content resulting in increased fiber content, but this is often accompanied by lower lignin production that increases fiber digestibility. Also, the forage has higher sugar content, and higher crude protein than normal corn silage. </li>
<li>Relatively small changes (5 to 8% decrease) in forage quality (Milk per ton) occurs with July planting dates compared to corn planted April 28 to June 1. </li>
<li>Milk per acre of July planting dates decreased 17 to 92% to levels ranging from 2,300 to 24,000 lbs milk/ A. </li>
</ul>
<br />
Record high prevent plant acreage occurred in 2019. In July, many acres were planted to cover crops, including corn (Figure 1). Due to low forage inventories, USDA-RMA allowed cover crop acres to be harvested for silage. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uIGv6OqCRCs/XWfn36_BPXI/AAAAAAAAE2c/vnfM6YiRI9IY5RSUAcQrtzAL5xZX_U8mgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="1600" height="332" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uIGv6OqCRCs/XWfn36_BPXI/AAAAAAAAE2c/vnfM6YiRI9IY5RSUAcQrtzAL5xZX_U8mgCEwYBhgL/s640/Capture.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Prevent plant acreage in 2019. Data source: Farm Bureau and USDA-FSA.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Corn has <a href="http://wisccorn.blogspot.com/2019/08/B105.html" target="_blank">two peaks </a>in forage quality: one at pollination and one at 50% kernel milkline. Forage quality as measured by Milk per Ton is high during vegetative phases prior to flowering. Like all forages, quality decreases after flowering. Unlike other forages, quality improves beginning around R3. The early peak in forage quality at pollination is high in quality but too wet for ensiling. The later peak is more familiar and is the one we typically manage for when producing corn silage because it maximizes both biomass yield and quality.<br />
<br />
If pollination is unsuccessful, the forage quality following the first peak does not change and will continue to remain high due to higher sugar content (water soluble carbohydrates), higher crude protein, higher crude fiber and more digestible fiber than normal corn silage. Unsuccessful pollination (bareness) generally reduces yield and grain content resulting in increased fiber content, but this is often accompanied by lower lignin production that increases fiber digestibility. <br />
If pollination is poor yet some kernels are developing, the plant can gain dry matter and farmers should wait with harvest.<br />
<br />
<b>Harvesting and Handling Barren Corn</b><br />
The harvesting challenge is that green, barren stalks will contain 75-90% water. Barren corn is difficult to harvest because it is rank and too wet for silage storage structures. Arlington UW-ARS staff have had some success using a discbine to cut barren corn into a windrow. The windrow would need to dry to desiccate the forage. A forage chopper with a hay pickup attachment is then used to gather and chop the windrow into a wagon for transport to a storage structure for ensiling.<br />
<br />
Grazing is an option but be careful about nitrate toxicity problems. If grazing, consider potential for nitrate toxicity. This is especially likely to be a problem if growth was reduced to less than 50% of normal and/or high levels of nitrogen were applied.<br />
<br />
If the decision is made to harvest the crop for ensiling, the main consideration will be proper moisture for storage and fermentation. The crop will look drier than it really is, so moisture testing will be critical. Be sure to test whole-plant moisture of chopped corn to assure yourself that acceptable fermentation will occur.<br />
<br />
<b>Forage quality of barren and poorly pollinated corn </b><br />
Coors et al. (1997) evaluated the forage quality of corn with 0, 50 and 100% pollination of the kernels on an ear during 1992 and 1993. These plots were harvested in September.<br />
<br />
A typical response of corn to stress is to reduce grain yield. Bareness reduced whole-plant yield by 19% (Table 1). Kernels on ears of 50% ear fill treatments were larger and tended to more than make up for reduced numbers (Albrecht, personal communication). With the exception of protein, as ear fill increased, whole-plant forage quality increased.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Table 1. Forage yield and quality of corn with differing amounts of pollination (n= 24; 1992 and 1993).</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KuRgoSmzPGs/XWfsRdiVACI/AAAAAAAAE3I/wjX0svBcSJ8GHVEctmarMdp78bepCIuIwCLcBGAs/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="1561" height="217" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KuRgoSmzPGs/XWfsRdiVACI/AAAAAAAAE3I/wjX0svBcSJ8GHVEctmarMdp78bepCIuIwCLcBGAs/s640/Capture.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>Yield and Quality of July Planted Corn</b><br />
We conducted experiments during 2005 and 2006 to determine what could be expected by planting corn in July. Three corn hybrids (brown midrib, full-, and shorter-season) were planted on five different dates from April 28 to August 1 at Arlington, WI. The 2005 growing season had a killing frost on October 26, which was three weeks later than normal.<br />
<br />
Seasonal dry matter production after planting during July ranged from 0.7 to 7.5 Tons DM/A while the same hybrids planted April 28 to June 1 produced 8.7 to 10.0T DM/A (Table 2). Milk per acre is significantly lowered 92 to 17% to levels ranging from 2,300 to 24,000 lbs milk/ A for planting dates in July. Crude protein, NDF and NDFD increased with later planting dates. Although, little starch content was measured in later planting dates, overall milk per Ton tended to decrease slightly. Thus, relatively small changes in Milk per ton occurred during planting dates in July with levels ranging from 2800 to 3200 lbs milk/T, which was a 5 to 8% decrease from corn planted April 28 to June 1.<br />
<br />
<b> Table 2. Corn forage yield and quality response to July planting dates.</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xju9dKNsptM/XWfqTezfaPI/AAAAAAAAE2w/DiRvRpIW04oPwXTj03ufNIZQsMoVBpGrQCLcBGAs/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="1600" height="340" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Xju9dKNsptM/XWfqTezfaPI/AAAAAAAAE2w/DiRvRpIW04oPwXTj03ufNIZQsMoVBpGrQCLcBGAs/s640/Capture.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Corn can produce significant dry matter yield when planted during July, but the amount produced depends upon when a killing frost occurs. Growers need to check on options available from their insurance companies before taking action and planting corn in late June and July for emergency forage. Herbicide labels must be adhered to before switching to other crops. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/AA/pdfs/A134.pdf" target="_blank">PDF version</a>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4963384559911176766.post-2517223556353948642019-08-29T05:19:00.000-05:002019-08-29T08:01:25.812-05:00The “Normal” Pattern of Corn Forage and Grain Development<b>The Kernels </b><br />
<ul>
<li>Corn exhibits a “double peak” for corn silage quality during its life cycle with the first NDFD peak at R1 and the second starch content peak at R5.5. </li>
<li>Corn as a forage crop reaches maximum yield and quality values at nearly the same time (R5.5). </li>
<li>At harvest (R5.5), the wettest plant part is the lower stalk, while the driest plant part is the grain. Adjusting the cutter bar can change forage moisture 3 to 4% points to better target the recommended moisture for the storage structure. </li>
</ul>
<br />
Corn is a high yielding, high energy, low protein forage commonly used for growing and finishing beef cattle, in cow-calf production systems, for growing dairy heifers, and for lactating dairy cows. Corn grown as a forage and fermented in a storage structure preserves the silage for subsequent feed-out. Understanding yield and quality changes during the life cycle of corn is critical for timing harvest of a field.<br />
<br />
<b>The “Double Peak” of Corn Silage Quality</b><br />
Corn exhibits a “double peak” for corn silage quality during its life cycle (Figure 1). The first peak is related to energy derived from stover fiber (NDFD) and water-soluble carbohydrates, while the second peak is derived from NDFD and starch content of grain. Forage quality as measured by Milk per Ton is at the first quality peak just prior to silking (R1). Like all forages, Milk per Ton decreases following flowering (VT-R1). Unlike other forages, corn silage Milk per Ton after the kernel blister stage (R2), steadily increases to a maximum second quality peak around 50% kernel milkline development (R5.5) due to grain yield development.<br />
<b><br />
Forage yield and Milk per Acre</b><br />
One of the unique aspects of corn as a forage crop is that yield and quality reach maximum values at nearly the same time. Forage yield increases steadily through its life cycle. At R1 all the plant photosynthetic “machinery” is produced on the plant. For most hybrids grown commercially in Wisconsin the grain filling period (R1-R6) is about 55-60 d. Following pollination, grain develops in a sigmoidal fashion with a 7-10 d lag period, followed by a 40-44 d linear phase, and ending with a 7-10 d maturation phase. Starch content increases as grain develops and matures.<br />
<br />
Multiplying corn forage yield by Milk per Ton results in Milk per Acre. Milk per acre peaks at R5.5. Then due to leaf senescence and loss, yield and quality tends to decrease slightly. <br />
<br />
<b>Using Forage and Grain Moisture for Harvesting</b><br />
At some point forage yield is no longer as important as timing harvest at the correct moisture for the storage structure to ensure proper fermentation and preservation. The wettest plant part on corn is the lower stalk, which is also of poor quality (low NDFD) and is high in nitrates. The driest plant part is grain. By raising the chopper cutter bar 12 inches, forage moisture decreases 3-4% points. Also, the wettest, poorest quality plant part is left in the field. Forage yield is decreased about 10 to 15%, but forage quality increases 8 to 12%, so that overall Milk per acre is only reduced about 3 to 4%.<br />
<br />
The effect on forage moisture is significant when the field is scheduled to be harvested by a custom chopper. By adjusting cutting height, the operator can better achieve the optimum moisture for the storage structure. About a one week shift in harvest timing can be achieved (assuming 0.5% per day drydown rate).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i6BkuTa1-Hs/XWdDP3jjH1I/AAAAAAAAE2A/vPZFpl9W6z4J0z1Cez3WRKxFtcw0VCWsACLcBGAs/s1600/Capture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1034" data-original-width="1600" height="411" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i6BkuTa1-Hs/XWdDP3jjH1I/AAAAAAAAE2A/vPZFpl9W6z4J0z1Cez3WRKxFtcw0VCWsACLcBGAs/s640/Capture.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 1. Normal Pattern of Corn Forage and Grain Development in Wisconsin.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<a href="http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/AA/pdfs/A132.pdf" target="_blank">PDF Version</a>Wisconsin Corn Agronomyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02703004855943495314noreply@blogger.com0